Anaheim CAFR Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Anaheim CAFR - Coursework Example Government exercises and business type exercises have been accounted for on various segments in order to draw out the net explanation. They incorporate lodging authority, Total Governmental assets, and Non-major Governmental Funds. For the major legislative assets, Transient inhabitance charge is a definitive wellspring of assets for the Major administrative association (Moreno, 2012). All in all administrative assets, intergovernmental incomes are the key wellspring of assets. Use In the announcement, Expenditure, has likewise been arranged in a framework that portions the area into three. They incorporate lodging authority, Total Governmental assets, and Non-major Governmental Funds. The biggest classifications of general subsidizes involve police, fire, and afterward open work. There is no budgetary source that has been recorded in a different area of the Expenditure, and Change in Fund Balance for Governmental store. Capital venture reserves have been entrusted with the commitment of network advancement and dept administrations, and intrigue charges. Capital task reserves are now and again viewed to as assets financial plan. They bring a significant comprehension of the dept assets and utilization of cash that makes up the state’s legitimate element. It is the overwhelming figure in the yearly spending investigation and institution from the focal point of the capital undertaking reserves. Renting of assets or capital is viewed as done under a legitimate government so as it upgrade trust and loss of capital. The dept administration work is the proportion of aggregate or normal obligation to add up to resources accessible, communicated in rate, and it very well may be deciphered as the organization extent of a benefit that are sketched out and financed by obligation. All dept administration support and non-major monetary assets are the administration reserves. The executives involves concealing for the money related dangers that may be experienced, and detailing the best method of

Anti C1q Antibodies and Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Hostile to C1q Antibodies and Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells The supplement framework is one of the significant effector instruments of the natural resistant framework and it assumes a significant job in safe barrier. The organic elements of supplement are opsonization and phagocytosis, incitement of provocative responses by anaphylatoxins and supplement interceded cytolysis of microorganisms, particularly typified microscopic organisms. The supplement framework is shaped by an enzymatic course made out of plasma proteins that, when invigorated, can accomplish gigantic intensification and successfully battle the attacking microorganisms (Abbas et al., 2009). Under specific conditions, an obsessive invulnerable response may create against supplement parts, which on one hand mirrors a hidden immune system process and may prompt aggravation and tissue injury on the other (Potlukova and Kralikova, 2008). The main part of the old style pathway of supplement actuation, C1q, assumes a critical job in the freedom of resistant buildings and apoptotic bodies from the creature. Autoantibodies against C1q (hostile to C1q) have been found in various immune system and irresistible maladies. They have been best depicted in patients with fundamental lupus erythematosus, where they are thought to assume a pathogenic job in lupus nephritis (LN). Their high negative prescient incentive for the event of dynamic proliferative LN, just as their conceivable capacity to demonstrate a renal flare when a half year ahead of time, have rendered hostile to C1q antibodies a novel non-intrusive device in the discovery of dynamic LN (Potlukova and Kralikova, 2008). The Complement C1q and Its Antibodies C1q is the principal segment of the old style pathway of supplement actuation. Along with the enzymatically dynamic parts C1r and C1s, C1q structures the C1 complex. Authoritative of C1 to immunoglobulins as resistant buildings prompts enactment of protease capacity of C1r and C1s and further actuation of the traditional pathway of supplement (Schumaker et al., 1986). C1q is a glycoprotein having a place with the collectin family with a sub-atomic load of around 410-462 kDa. It is a hexamer made out of globular heads connected to collagen-like triple-helix tails (Fig. 8). The globular heads of C1q explicitly tie to the consistent overwhelming (CH2) area of IgG particles or the CH3 space of IgM. Every substantial chain of the immunoglobulin particle contains just one restricting site for C1q. Since C1q must tie to at any rate two substantial ties so as to change its compliance and initiate C1r and C1s, its enactment follows simply subsequent to official to immunoglobulins as resistant edifices bound to multivalent antigens (Schumaker et al., 1986). Most supplement proteins are integrated in the liver by hepatocytes. In any case, macrophages can blend early supplement parts of both the old style and elective pathways and can give adequate nearby tissue supplement to opsonization without selecting plasma supplement (Colten et al., 1986). C1q is abnormal, for a supplement protein, that it is orchestrated by tissue macrophages yet not hepatocytes (Loos et al., 1989). Notwithstanding being the principal segment of the old style pathway of supplement enactment, C1q has numerous physiological jobs. C1q can legitimately opsonize apoptotic cells (AC) for phagocytosis. In vitro, C1q ties to surface blebs on AC yet not ordinary host cells (Korb and Ahearn, 1997). C1q ties to calreticulin (CRT) in AC blebs and opsonizes AC for improved phagocytosis through C1q connection with CD91. C1q can opsonize AC likewise by implication through supplement initiation (Lu et al., 2008). Steady with this, the finding that C1q-insufficient mice have been appeared to have an aggregation of apoptotic bodies in the kidneys (Botto et al., 1998); and macrophages of C1q-inadequate mice and people have a diminished capacity to clear apoptotic bodies in vitro (Botto, 1998; Taylor et al., 2000). Thusly, C1q advances the leeway of autoantigens, forestalling incitement of the insusceptible framework and interruption of this procedure may prompt improvement of autoimmunity (Botto, 2001). C1q-opsonized AC additionally controls DC creation of cytokines, however information from various investigations are not so much predictable (Lu et al., 2008). Clearly, most investigations report C1q hindrance of IL-12 creation from DCs and that AC invigorated macrophages produce more IL-10 and less IL-12. This proposes a tolerogenic property of C1q which is reliable to the improvement of autoimmunity at C1q insufficiency (Botto et al., 1998). C1q has likewise incidental jobs in guideline of numerous macrophage exercises, in DC separation, enactment and antigen introduction and in granulocytes, pole cells and fibroblasts guideline (Lu et al., 2008). There are a few autoantibodies to supplement proteins that meddle with the physiological guideline of supplement actuation in vivo, and each of these has been related with the advancement of SLE. These antibodies are C3 nephritic factor, hostile to C1 inhibitor autoantibodies, and against C1q antibodies. In every one of these cases, there is a chicken and egg contest, since it could be contended that advancement of the anticomplement autoantibody is itself part of the SLE procedure. In any case, on account of C3 nephritic factor, which settles the C3bBbC3 convertase protein of the elective pathway, 8 instances of SLE have been portrayed )Sheeran et al., 1995; Walport et al., 1994). In each of these, the beginning of SLE happened numerous years after the advancement of the fundamental clinical phenotypes related with the nearness of C3 nephritic factor, supporting that the C3 nephritic factor was the egg as opposed to the chicken. History and the study of disease transmission of hostile to C1q antibodies: Official of monomeric IgG to C1q was first portrayed in 1971, in sera from patients with SLE with hypocomplementemia (Agnello et al., 1971), and in 1978, precipitation of C1q by monomeric IgG was archived in the hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis condition (HUVS) (Marder et al., 1978). In 1984, hostile to C1q antibodies were found in patients with SLE (Uwatoko et al., 1984). From that point forward, event of hostile to C1q antibodies has been portrayed with differing pervasiveness in patients with immune system and furthermore some irresistible ailments (Wisnieski and Jones, 1992). Against C1q antibodies were generally of the IgG subtype with IgG1 and IgG2 being the prevalent subclasses (Siegert et al., 1990). The commonness of hostile to C1q in everyone shifts somewhere in the range of 2% and 8% (Potlukova et al., 2008). Similar to the case with different autoantibodies, the event of hostile to C1q increments with age (Ravelli et al., 1997; Siegert et al., 1993). The simple energy for against C1q antibodies in an in any case solid individual doesn't seem to manage any neurotic or prognostic importance (Potlukova and Kralikova, 2008). Pathogenic job of hostile to C1q antibodies: Hostile to C1q antibodies have high negative prescient incentive for dynamic lupus nephritis (LN) recommending a pathogenic job in SLE patients. What's more, the end of hostile to C1q antibodies from course by rehashed plasmapheresis or C1q immunoabsorption brought easing of the patients manifestations (Berner et al., 2001; Grimbert, et al., 2001). The official of hostile to C1q antibodies to C1q is intervened by means of Fab pieces and rather than resistant edifices, against C1q antibodies don't tie to globular leaders of the C1q particle yet to its collagen-like tail (Fig. 8). The coupling is extremely feeble in the fluid stage, however accomplishes high fondness on account of a conformationally changed C1q in the bound state uncovering new antigenic determinants. In this manner, any conceivable pathogenic job of hostile to C1q antibodies likely stays bound to nearby stores of C1q in tissues (Potlukova and Kralikova, 2008). Another interesting instrument of the pathogenicity of hostile to C1q antibodies may be a change from non-fiery acknowledgment of apoptotic bodies by C1q and its receptors to incendiary acknowledgment when C5a and other supplement enactment sections are created during upgraded supplement actuation because of against C1q antibodies at destinations where C1q is perceiving atomic antigens (Holers, 2004). Fig. 8: An improved plan of the authoritative of hostile to C1q antibodies to the particle of C1q. Hostile to C1q antibodies as such don't appear to initiate supplement; in any case, their authoritative to C1q may enhance supplement enactment by expanding the measure of the bound IgG in an endless loop way. Besides, they may lessen the physiological elements of C1q, including the ability to enact the old style pathway of supplement and to clear insusceptible edifices and apoptotic bodies. Taken together, a few distinct systems appear to be engaged with the pathogenicity of against C1q antibodies (Potlukova and Kralikova, 2008). The nearness of hostile to C1q antibodies in lupus is normally joined by various clinical and serological highlights. The supplement profile is like that seen in HUVS, with exceptionally low degrees of C1q, C4, and C2, and, to a lesser degree, C3. Against C1q antibodies will in general stay positive in SLE for delayed periods, and there is related drawn out hypocomplementemia. This contrasts from hostile to twofold abandoned DNA counter acting agent levels, which will in general vacillate in focus, along with converse changes in supplement levels (Pickering et al., 2000). Â Â Hostile to C1q antibodies in irresistible sicknesses Hostile to C1q antibodies have likewise been found in some irresistible illnesses Prohaszka et al. (1999) have discovered an expanded event of hostile to C1q antibodies in patients contaminated with human immunodeficiency infection: 13% of tainted patients were sure when contrasted and 5% controls. Besides, the degrees of hostile to C1q antibodies fundamentally diminished during a subsequent time of 65 months. Strikingly, sera with recognizable enemy of C1q antibodies were bound to kill HIV than sera without them in-vitro tries. Saadoun et al. (2006) have revealed an expanded pervasiveness

Essay Topics For 8th Grade Cause and Effect

Essay Topics For 8th Grade Cause and EffectIf you are new to teaching and research then this article will help you decide how to structure the lessons you teach on essay topics for 8th graders cause and effect. In this article I will discuss three common structure problems that you may encounter while teaching on this topic. After reading this article you should be able to formulate an essay topic that is free of problems.When students try to understand how different events happen, it can be quite difficult to understand them well. This is because they lack the necessary skills and knowledge to understand what it means to be different from other people. There are different ways in which the students might try to figure out why one event occurs or how the events happened. The fact that the students do not have the skills and knowledge that the teacher requires to structure an essay on the topic is a problem that you need to consider if you want to make sure that your students learn fr om your lessons.There are different ways in which the students could try to explain their different thoughts and ideas. For example, they could explain why they think a certain event has taken place, or how they thought the event would take place. In order to structure an essay on this topic, you need to take note of these different ideas and then give an explanation to the students for each idea. In this way, they can put the different ideas into different parts of the essay and they will have an easier time understanding your essay.When different people have different feelings about an event, they can sometimes become mad at each other. There are different types of angry people and you will have to take note of each of these different personalities when you are teaching on this topic. In order to structure an essay on this topic, you need to have a short description of the different people in the class so that you can tell which ones are mad at which other people.There are differe nt things that occur to different people every day. Sometimes people feel happy and satisfied and sometimes they feel sad and frustrated. You will need to be able to discuss how these different emotions affect the students.When different people talk about an event, they can change the way they feel about it. For example, someone could say that they were happy or sad about an event. In order to properly structure an essay on this topic, you need to learn how to know what each person is feeling. There are many different ways in which you can determine what a person is feeling.Some people say that their feelings are extremely similar to each other while others say that their feelings are incredibly different from each other. There are different ways in which you can give this information to the students. You can write down the reactions of each student and then have the students give their opinions on the same events.These are some of the common ways in which the students could react t o different things. They all could have different effects on each other. Knowing this will help you create better lesson plans for your students.

Geography of the Tropic of Capricorn

The Tropic of Capricorn is an imaginary line of latitude going around the Earth at approximately 23.5 ° south of the equator. It is the southernmost point on Earth where the suns rays can be directly overhead at local noon. It is also one of the five major circles of latitude dividing the Earth (the others are the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere, the equator, the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle). Geography  of the Tropic of Capricorn The Tropic of Capricorn is significant to understanding the Earths geography because it marks the southern boundary of tropics. This is the region that extends from the equator south to the Tropic of Capricorn and north to the Tropic of Cancer. Unlike the Tropic of Cancer, which passes through many areas of land in the northern hemisphere, the Tropic of Capricorn passes mainly through water because there is less land for it to cross in the southern hemisphere. However, it does cross through or is near places like Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, Madagascar, and Australia. Naming of the Tropic of Capricorn Around 2,000 years ago, the sun crossed into the constellation of Capricorn at the winter solstice around December 21. This resulted in this line of latitude being named the Tropic of Capricorn. The name Capricorn itself comes from the Latin word caper, meaning goat and was the name given to the constellation. This was then later transferred to the Tropic of Capricorn. It should be noted, however, that because it was named over 2,000 years ago, the specific location of the Tropic of Capricorn today is no longer in the constellation Capricorn. Instead, it is located in the constellation Sagittarius. Significance of the Tropic of Capricorn In addition to being used to aid in dividing the Earth into different parts and marking the southern boundary of the tropics, the Tropic of Capricorn, like the Tropic of Cancer is also significant to the Earths amount of solar insolation and the creation of seasons. Solar insolation is the amount of Earths direct exposure to the suns rays from incoming solar radiation. It varies over the Earths surface based on the amount of direct sunlight hitting the surface and it is mostly when it is directly overhead at the subsolar point which migrates annually between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer based on the Earths axial tilt. When the subsolar point is at the Tropic of Capricorn, it is during the December or winter solstice and is when the southern hemisphere receives the most solar insolation. Thus, it is also when the southern hemispheres summer begins. Furthermore, this is also when the areas at latitudes higher than the Antarctic Circle receive 24 hours of daylight because there is more solar radiation to be deflected south due to the Earths axial tilt.

Analysis of Racial Profiling in the Criminal Justice System

Analysis of Racial Profiling In the Criminal Justice System Police officers today face many challenges. Some concerns include dangers or safety concerns related to being a police officer, questions of the use of force and the public’s perception of officers being corrupt. Additionally, with cases of deaths and accusations that have come to the forefront about police throughout the United Stated, questions about police racial profiling have also come to light. Today’s police are considered to be corrupt and prejudice against minorities. Their image has been tarnished and police are now seen as the enemy. Many compare today’s law enforcement officers to the police officers that were prejudice and brutalized blacks during the civil rights†¦show more content†¦During the civil rights era, blacks traveled together and were quick to warn each other to stay quiet during traffic stops. They didn’t know what the slightest movement or a twisted word could result in. It was an understanding in the black community th at fighting for you rights even in a peaceful manner or questioning the tactics of a police officer during a traffic stop or as they performed their duties was a sure road to death, arrest and or brutal beatings. One of many examples of the brutality allowed to take place by police is In 1964, Freedom Summer was organized as a voter registration project in Mississippi. It was part of an effort by a coalition of civil rights groups to register black voters in the South. A large, racially mixed group of college students traveled to Mississippi to participate in the project. On June 16, 1964, two of the white students, Michael Schwerner and Andrew Goodman, and a local African American, James Chaney, disappeared. Their badly beaten bodies were discovered buried in an earthen dam six weeks later. They had been arrested by local police and released to the Klu Klux Klan. (Ware, 2013, p.1090) Although there was progress for blacks during the civil rights movement, it was slow. Many great leaders emerged during this time and some like Martin Luther King became a sacrifice for the cause of equality and freedom. The tone of non-violence promoted by so manyShow MoreRelatedPolicy Process Essay1222 Words   |  5 PagesSociety relies on the criminal justice system to maintain order within communities and to maintain a safe environment for community members. Society expects the criminal justice system to provide justice by separating the guilty from the innocent, to incapacitate dangerous individuals, to promote deterrence to law-breaking individuals, and to rehabilitate offenders. An important expectation of the criminal justice system is to provide fair and just consequences to criminal offenders and assist theRead MoreRacial Profiling Is A Necessary Evil1100 Words   |  5 PagesRacial Profiling In order to understand racial profiling, it must first be correctly defined. Although different authors use different criteria for the term racial profiling, the definition for the word racial is â€Å"of, relating to, or based on a race The definition the dictionary puts forth for profiling is â€Å"the act of suspecting or targeting a person solely on the basis of observed characteristics or behavior.† Based on these definitions, racial profiling could be defined for criminal justice purposesRead MoreProfessional Racism and Discrimination1117 Words   |  5 PagesDepartment has a reputation for using race as a basis to catch criminals. Racial profiling is the use of race or ethnicity as grounds for believing an individual is suspicious of committing a crime. Discriminatory or abusive behavior towards people of color affects the justice system and violates people’s human rights. The LAPD continues to use racial profiling against mostly African-Americans and Latinos. The use of racial profiling by the LAPD prevents the police from serving the whole communityRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1348 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s world we deal with multiple cases of racial profiling seemingly on a daily basis. Turn on the television, check the internet, or simply have a discussion with someone and you’ll hear about it. Racial Profiling describes discriminatory practices by law enforcement officials who target people for suspicion of crime based on their ethnicity, race, origin, or religion. The term first came about during the War on Drugs in the 1970’s and 1980’s when law enforcement were accused of pullingRead MoreHow Law Enforcement Affects Minorities1392 Words   |  6 Pagesoutcomes due to the crime and the criminal and their racial background. Although a long time has passed since all decision making came from the white supremacist and we do have a more diverse system the race of the criminal seems to still be affecting the outcomes of criminal justice. In earlier times, courtrooms and many jurisdictions were all white decisionmakers. We can see a lot of poorly executed decisions by law enforcement such as stop and frisk due to racial profiling or taking advantage of youngRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Justice System1365 Words   |  6 Pagesthere are high expectations of equality and justice. But, this is just how it looks like at a glance in Canada, as for minorities living in Canada and, in particular to black Canadians, these minorities face a different reality in the encounters with police and the justice system in comparison to their white counterparts. Which raises the question of how equal each citizen really is under the same rules. Therefore, in the essay I argue racial profiling is evident in stop and search practices targetingRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1160 Words   |  5 Pagesby police and many other people for committing crimes. This is called racial profiling, and it is an issue going on around us. Some considers racial profiling a new phenomenon, and it is important to examine it because it is a foundational aspect of law and law enforcement in the United States. Glover in the book Racial Profiling: Research, Racism, and Resistance defines racial profiling in contemporary times â€Å"as the use of racial and or ethnic status as the determinant factor in decision to stop motoristRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Criminal Justice System1582 Words   |  7 PagesRacial disparity in the Criminal Justice system has been a issue of discussion in our law enforcement for years. Statistics say the likelihood of imprisonment in a lifetime is 1 in 3 black men, 1 in 6 Latino men and 1 in 17 white men. (Bonczar2003) The search and seizure 4th amendment was passed in 1789 which was supposed to protect all persons of unreasonable searches, etc. In 1944 Gunner Myrdal wrote â€Å"it’s part of a policeman’s philosophy that Negro criminals or suspects that show any sign of insub ordinationRead MoreEssay on Criminal Profiling1253 Words   |  6 PagesCriminal profiling is one of few first things to think of when it comes to forensic psychology. Criminal profiling is featured in popular television shows such as in Law and Order and CSI. Often in those shows, the police officers were able to catch the criminals based on the criminal profile that forensic psychologists came up with. In a theory, the polices rely on criminal profiling to catch criminals, educate the public about a possible criminal, and confirm the witnesses’ accounts. CriminalRead MoreA Color Problem in a Post Racial Nation Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pageswhether it be black, white, brown, red, or yellow doesn’t matter in America anymore. One might assume that this statement is a plausible one, given the fact that we have a male â€Å"African American† president, and America is now considered to be a â€Å"Post-Racial Nation† (Rush Limbaugh, 2010), where skin colo r is no longer an inhibiting factor. The truth of the matter is that race has most certainly played a significant factor in America’s history since the early 16th century and through to the 21st century

Are Philosophers Good Citizens Plato s Republic

POL200Y1 – C. Orwin Maria Ouchnikova | 1001396170 Are Philosophers Good Citizens in Plato’s Republic? It seems that Plato says that the good man is a just man. Philosopher by nature is endowed with the ability to understand what justice is and how to achieve it. However, only because philosopher has the knowledge of the true sense, does that make them just and moreover a good citizen? To figure this out we need to look carefully at the definition of each of the terms. First of all, while the definition of a good man and a good citizen tend to overlap for the most part, there appears to be a slight difference between the two. A good citizen is the one who does what is good for the city, and for the benefit of the community. He is the one who obeys the laws. A good man however, is a just man, who achieves and possesses superior virtues. It appears that the definition of a good man is way deeper than the one of a good citizen and there is no reason to assume that the two are the same. Justice and discussion as to what it actually is presents as one of the major themes in Plato’s Republic. Plato defines justice as the highest virtue in a state, built on principles of good. Just society is the one, in which everyone fully realizes abilities given to them by nature and rightly practices those abilities and nothing else. Justice is closely related to the person and the ideal state, tying them together. â€Å"Justice is a virtue of a soul† (R. 353e) and just like how there are threeShow MoreRelatedPersonal Philosophy : Al Farabi1684 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluencing many prominent philosophers, like Ibn Sina. Through his works, he became well known in the East as well as the West. Al Farabi’s philosophy was heavily influenced by Greek philosophy just like how western philosophy was influenced by Greek philosophy. Specifically, Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates were the main Greek influencers of Al Farabi. Al Farabi as well as Ibn Sina have been recogn ized as Peripatetics or rationalists. The best known Arabic source for Al Farabi s political philosophy isRead MoreComparing Plato s Republic, The Philosopher And Plato965 Words   |  4 PagesIn Plato s Republic, the philosopher is sitting having a discussion with his fellow peers and friends. During this conversation each character except Plato offers their opening and reasoning on the question, what is justice. For the majority of the book Plato outlines almost every aspect of his ideal city. Within this city Plato has set up many rules in order for the city to remain just. All the way from mating rituals to who should rule, virtually all factors have been thought of and serves a specificRead MoreComparing Aristotle and Plato Essays1325 Words   |  6 PagesAristotle and Plato Aristotle argues that in order for a polis to emerge, a union between man and women must convene. Later a household must be introduced which unites with other households to form a village, villages come together to form city-states. This theory is Aristotle’s natural view that an individual can not be self sufficient Plato argues that, in order to achieve absolute justice, a city-state is needed. In The Republic, Plato builds around the idea of Philosopher Rulers. EvenRead MorePlato, Nietzsche, And Aristotles Theory Of Political Philosophy1670 Words   |  7 Pagesrenditions of what political theory is. This essay will focus on Plato, Nietzsche, and Aristotle, and their works, which respectively define the concepts of the common good and the significance of philosophers to the welfare of the state, self-deceiving intellect and the power of authority over our intellectual lives, and the concepts of interdependency and the importance of virtue and happiness for a successful political framework. 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These abilities are used to sustain the society, better it, and preserve it. Machiavelli writes of a society where anyone can be a prince; which for our purposes is a synonym for ruler, if they follow his instructions. These instructions areRead MorePolitical Theory Has Changed Over The History Of The World1608 Words   |  7 Pages Political theory has changed over the history of the discipline. Two of the most influential and arguably most important theorists are the Greek philosopher Plato, and the Renaissance’s Niccolo Machiavelli. These two characters represent the beginning of idealistic political thought, and a more realist and contemporary way that politics are looked at even today. The ideals of these two will be discussed and dissected, to some extent to show how unobtainable Plato’s ideal is compared toRead MoreComparing Aristotle s 8 1455 Words   |  6 PagesNow the question is what values should one have to rule, what makes them qualified compared to others. Plato outlines the different aspects of government and why he believes an aristocracy would be better form of government. In book 8 Socrates starts to wrap up his depiction of a just city. He starts to break down the four unjust constitutions of the city and man. Timocracy, which is represented by the honor-driven man who resembles and rules that sort of government. There is an oligarchy, ruledRead MoreCultural, Economical, Religious, And Political Contributions847 Words   |  4 PagesBCE – 476 CE, assisted in the development of western culture. Albeit Rome embraced and developed some characteristics of Greek culture, they still made prominent contributions of their own. Rome and Greece contributed Christianity, Philosophy, The Republic, and Literature. At the time, Roman religion was centered on gods and the interpretation of why things were the way they were. Each god had its own special day where priest would sacrifice animals and offer it to them. 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Professional Practice and Ethics

Question: Discuss about theProfessional Practice and Ethics. Answer: Evidence of Global Living in the Community STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS Ethical Issues Social Connections The culture of Trinidad and Tobago reflects a mixed culture of Indian, African, American, Chinese, Jewish and in fact Europeans as well (Spiers, Gundala Singh, 2014). Due to the mixed culture, sometimes the ethnic people of the people lose their identity. There is a good opportunity of gaining a social connection from different ethnic groups of people. This mixed culture has resulted in riots, protests and army mutiny. Ethical issues arise as a result of mixed cultures. Issues related to religion and castes are common in this region. Natural Resources Protected Exploited The region has enough forest resources. There is less availability of mineral resources in the regions around. Good opportunity for growing different types of agricultural products. Increased rate of conversion of natural ecosystem to build commercial and residential places. Degradation of natural resources results in unsustainable approach towards the environment. Consumer Goods Imports Exports Major imported products include lubricants, manufactured goods, food, chemicals and live animals. Major exported goods include petroleum and petroleum products, methanol, citrus fruit, vegetables and flowers ( Youssef Morgan, 2013). The exchange rate is not high compared to other exported products of other regions. With forest products, there is a great opportunity of increasing the exported products from the country. With the increase rate of US dollars, the country does not gain good exchange value of the exported products. Sometimes, the ethnic race of the region protests against the increasing exploitation of the natural resources. Media The mass media includes one television station with five channels and two radio stations. The Trinidad Express and Trinidad Guardian are the major daily newspapers available in web as well. Limited number of media channels sometimes does not prove enough to establish a good reputation among the population of the country. There is great opportunity of outside media houses to carry out their business activities in this region. Other major channels like BBC, Guardian and others are more influential and are major threats to the Nation. In case if outside media house expand their business activities in this region, chances of communal riots and violence are expected to occur. Law The law welcomes Foreign Direct Investment. Thus, the country can improve its economic condition. The economy of the region is not strong and coming of major companies might hinder the economy of the Nation. With the increasing FDI, the economy of the country might improve. In case if the influence of other companies increase, the country might have to suffer. The local people might rise up for protest. International Agreements With proper agreements, the nation welcomes many companies and industries. The law of the Nation is weak compared to other places with whom agreements are signed. Changes in law might attract good opportunities for the Country. Other influential company might dominate the nation with their business policy. Protesting for saving own economy might be an ethical issue. Part:- 1 This assignment asks you to provide evidence of globalization in your local context. Examine your community for evidence of globalization. What goods, services, and resources do you use on a daily or weekly basis that has global connections? Complete below graphic Part 2: Study the four approaches to Universal Ethics: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights; a global ethic; the Global Business Standards Codes; and the Caux Principles. Choose which approach resonate the most with you. This is the approach you will work with for this assignment. Make sure your final product is clear about which approach you chose! Write a Business Sales Pitch which will sell your approach to investors who will help you start to make your Country Aware of this Approach to Universal Ethics. The Worlds Religions in Chicago, USA has introduced a document towards a Global Ethic that marked the continuation of a first born tradition. With this approach, it was declared that there should be peace among different religions because there shall be no world peace without the peace in religion (Charles, 2016). Therefore, it is important for the creation of Global ethics among different Nation. In order to continue Global Trade, there should be peace of religion. The declaration of Global Ethics resembles the following thing: Commitment towards a non-violence and respectful life of people Commitment towards a society of culturally solidarity and with just economic order. Commitment of a tolerable and truthful culture of the people in the society. Commitment towards equal rights and partnership between people of different genders. There are irrevocable and unconditional norms for all areas of life including families, races, nation and religion. There are already a number of religions in the World that have different teachings and manifestation. Any citizen cannot be disregarded for their justice in the community where they live. There should be ethical approach towards each person. Trinidad and Tobago is well known for its mixed group of people belonging to different culture and ethnic race (Youssef Morgan, 2013). It is for the same reason, very important to create peace of religion among the people that in case of any kind of trade activities, there might not be any chaos or riots in the complete business process. If a business sales pitch is considered, it can be said that any investor can be attracted on the circumstance that the Company is tolerant towards any religion or any ethnic group of people. This way, the investors can also gain a level of confidence in the company and invest peacefully with a hope that their business activities will be appreciated and valued. References: Brereton, B. (2013). The historical background to the culture of violence in Trinidad Tobago. Charles, R. A. (2016). Examining creative solutions to employment insecurities in Trinidad and Tobago through the use of community media projects. Spiers, S., Gundala, R. R., Singh, M. (2014). Culture and Consumer Behavior-A Study of Trinidad Tobago and Jamaica.International Journal of Marketing Studies,6(4), 92. Youssef, V., Morgan, P. (2013). The Culture of Violence in Trinidad and Tobago: A Case Study.

Social Marketing and Sustainability

Introduction Social marketing involves the application of marketing skills and technology in influencing human behaviours with a view of overcoming certain issues in society.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Social Marketing and Sustainability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, social marketing is a powerful tool in influencing human behaviours because it involves the use of downstream and upstream strategies, as well as applying theories of behaviour change to address some of the social issues. Speeding is a social issue in New South Wales because it causes about 40% of road deaths, results into more than 200 deaths, and is responsible for over 4000 injuries per year (Blender, 2009). In this view, this report analyses RTA campaign and examines application of two behavioural change models. Background Information, Target Audience Behaviour Change Following rampant cases of road accidents, the Road Transpo rt Authority (RTA) of New South Wales, Australia, launched an anti-speeding campaign with a video entitled â€Å"Speeding: No One Think Big of You† (NOTBOY). The RTA speeding campaign was remarkably successful because it enabled RTA to reduce the occurrence of accidents on the roads of New South Wales. According to Bender (2009, p.158), RTA campaign was â€Å"one of the cleverest ad campaigns† and â€Å"very successful† because it ridiculed racing drivers, thus discouraging speeding behaviour among drivers.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Prior to the RTA speeding campaign, the RTA employed campaign approach that instils shock and fear on the drivers, but it never worked well. The RTA campaign targeted the entire community to influence changes in behaviour amongst youths who regard speeding as a fun activity, way showing off, and a trendy affair. The RT A campaign was successful because it had its basis on previous anti-speeding campaigns, but extended to use social approach, which empowered the community to create a culture that does not accept speeding. By use of social approach, the RTA campaign made extensive awareness amongst the youths and community leading to decreased cases of accidents. The audience targeted by the RTA campaign included divers, particularly young male drivers between the ages of 17 to 25 who like speeding on the roads of New South Wales. Road accidents in New South Wales have been increasing exponentially due to the behaviours of young male drivers who like speeding. Statistics show that about 40% of road deaths occur due speeding in New South Wales (Dorn 2010). The dominant group of drivers involved in the accidents is the group of young male drivers. The young male drivers speed because they perceive speeding as a means of displaying their prowess in driving (Hartig 2000).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Social Marketing and Sustainability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this view, the RTA campaign targeted the young male drivers through upstream and midstream social marketing strategies. The upstream social marketing focused on the use of media and community as influencers of behaviour change while midstream social marketing involved the use of family and friends in discouraging speeding. Therefore, the youths between the ages of 17 to 25 years were the target audience given that they were ready for action because they form about 17% of the speeding drivers, who experience accidents in New South Wales. The RTA campaign proposed to change speeding behaviour of young male drivers, who used driving as a way of showing off their driving prowess. To change speeding behaviour and perceptions of the youths, the RTA campaign aimed at making speeding a socially unacceptable trend coupled with discouraging peer app roval of speeding. Overall, the RTA campaign aimed at involving community in creating cultural and societal perceptions that discourage speeding among male youths of New South Wales. From the principles of success, the RTA campaign focused on a single behaviour that is simple and executable in discouraging speeding. Kotler and Lee clarifies, â€Å"One of the key successes is to establish behaviour objectives that are single, simple, and doable acts that become core of the campaign effort† (2004, p.22).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By empowering the community to view speeding as a socially unacceptable behaviour, the RTA campaign managed to influence an individual’s perception, as no one would speed without having the fear of being a subject of ridicule. The behaviour change of discouraging speeding has potential impact of transforming individual and societal perceptions on speeding as unacceptable behaviour attributed to young and immature boys. Since none of the drivers wanted to appear as young and immature as per the implication of the â€Å"pinkie† campaign, New South Wales experienced a significant reduction in speeding and cases of accidents. The RTA campaign experienced barriers such as peer approval and unsupportive attitude. Peer approval was one of the barriers that the RTA campaign experienced when it aimed at discouraging speeding among male youths. The youths perceived speeding as fun, exciting, and a trendy activity. Moreover, the young male drivers viewed speeding as a way of expr essing their masculinity and showing off their prowess skills in driving. Hence, as the RTA campaign tried to depict speeding as a socially unacceptable behaviour, it was like denying the youths their masculinity. Andreasen (2005) claims, â€Å"barriers in the environment external to the individual make it difficult or impossible to act in employing the downstream approach of social marketing† (p.74). Hence, it was hard for the RTA campaign to influence the youths using the downstream approach because their culture approved speeding. Moreover, unsupportive attitude of the youths is another barrier, as they do not like driving at low speeds. Youths associate low speeding with rawness and female drivers who cannot drive well. Competitively, the youths were struggling to gain experience in speeding and become veteran drivers, while the RTA campaign restricted the same. To overcome barriers of peer approval and unsupportive attitude, the RTA campaign employed upstream and downstr eam approaches of social marketing by involving the media, friends, family, and community. The use of media ensured that the campaign gained extensive awareness among youths and the entire society. Moreover, the RTA campaign empowered the community to participate actively in discouraging speeding behaviours because a significant number of drivers speed on the roads of New South Wales. Donovan and Henley (2010) state that a social marketer can enhance the effectiveness of a campaign strategy by â€Å"adopting upstream approaches that create changes in the environment, as well as downstream approaches targeting individual undesirable behaviours† (p.45). Friends and family members are downstream influencers who helped in overcoming peer pressure and unsupportive attitude, which were barriers to the RTA campaign. Thus, by employing both upstream and downstream approaches, the RTA campaign managed to overcome barriers and change behaviours of youths through the influence of commun ity members. The RTA campaign has significant benefits to the New South Wales. Following its launch, the RTA campaign has considerably reduced cases of accidents in New South Wales because many youths have reduced their speed of driving. Hence, reduced rate of accidents due to speeding is a considerable measurable benefit. Another benefit of the campaign is that there is increased awareness of speeding, thus depicting speeding among youth as unacceptable behaviour in the society. Brennan and Binney (2010) state that about 94% of the general population recognised anti-speeding message in the RTA campaign, while 58% of the young males realised that speeding is unacceptable behaviour in the community. Such figures indicate that the RTA campaign was quite successful in creating a culture in the community that perceives speeding as a socially unacceptable behaviour. Thus, New South Wales has significantly benefited from the campaign, as many youths will no longer speed and cause accident s that lead to loss of lives and cause injuries. Behaviour Change Models Social Norm Theory Social norm theory is one of the theories that explain the change in behaviour among male youths due to the RTA campaign. Social norm theory postulates that change of behaviour of an individual occurs to influence one’s perception on what is normal. Schultz et al. assert that social norms influence human behaviours because they â€Å"not only spur, but also guide action in the direct and meaningful ways† (2007, p.429). In the case of speeding amongst youths, the theory explains that the culture of speeding emerged due to pluralistic ignorance, which made youths view speeding as a socially acceptable behaviour. From the perspective of the youths, speeding was quite acceptable because it was a means of displaying their masculinity as well as prowess in driving. Speeding was one of the social norms that the youths practised because it was a trendy activity for the young male driver s to exhibit their skills. Through their pluralistic ignorance, the youths assumed that all drivers were speeding, and thus they wanted to attain the status of speeding like everyone else. According to the social norm theory, an intervention that exposes the reality of the norms is indispensable in correcting pluralistic ignorance. Although the youths were driving at high speeds, they were comfortable because it was normal according to their norms. In this view, the RTA campaign developed a strategy that focused on changing the youths’ perceptions. The perceptions of the young male drivers were contrary to the reality. While the young male drivers perceived speeding as fun, exciting, and expression of masculinity, the society perceived it as a dangerous affair. Thus, the RTA campaign employed both downstream and upstream strategies of social marketing to influence the community to perceive speeding as unacceptable behaviour. Terry and Hogg (1999) state that a change of human behaviour occurs through a systematic process where dominant social norms influence the development of behaviour. Thus, for the RTA campaign to overcome dominant behaviour of speeding among the youths, it empowered the community to create a culture that views speeding as a despicable behaviour. Theory of Planned Behaviour The theory of planned behaviour postulates that behaviour is a product of benefits, social norms, and cost associated with a given activity. Before one performs a given activity, one has to analyse the benefits and costs associated with social norms. Therefore, the young male drivers found pleasure in speeding because they got recognition from their peers coupled with expressing their masculinity. According to Armitage and Christian (2003), attitudes predict behaviours for social norms moderate the attitude-behaviour relationship. Hence, the behaviour that the young male drivers exhibited reflected their attitudes. To overcome the unsupportive attitudes of the youn g male drivers, the RTA campaign aimed at changing attitudes of the community members so that they can have overwhelming influence on the attitudes of the young male drivers. Ultimately, the RTA changed the community attitudes and perceptions, branded speeding unacceptable behaviour, and reduced cases of accidents due to speeding. Although the young male drivers attempted to hold on to their speeding behaviours, they failed because the community was already empowered to influence their behaviours. Conner and Armitage (1998) assert that the theory of planned behaviour examines attitudes and perceptions relative to social norms of the people. As the RTA campaign changed perceptions and attitudes of the community members who are the majority, the minority young male drivers were unable to resist change. Hence, when community members viewed speeding as a despicable behaviour, the young male drivers followed the perceptions of the community. Eventually, the young male drivers had to comp ly with the demands of the society because the societal norms perceived speeding as unacceptable behaviour among the youths. Buckworth and Dishman (2002) argue, â€Å"Behaviour is predicted by intentions and intentions are predicted by attitude and societal norms† (p.27), which have overwhelming influence on human behaviour. Therefore, the RTA campaign influenced behaviours of the young male drivers to drive at moderate speeds. Conclusion The RTA campaign is the most successful campaign in dealing with speed driving because it managed to change the behaviour of young male drivers as well as other drivers. Despite the many challenges associated with social marketing, the RTA campaign employed both upstream and downstream strategies, which empowered the community, family, and friends to effect changes in behaviour of young male drivers, who perceived speeding as fun, exciting, and a way of expressing their masculinity. Analysis of the RTA campaign shows that it complied with fa ctors necessary for successful social marketing. Moreover, the RTA applied theory of social norm and the theory of planned behaviour in changing speeding behaviour of young male drivers in New South Wales. Reference List Andreasen, A 2005, Social marketing in the 21st century, SAGE Publisher, California. Armitage, C Christian, J 2003, Planned behaviour: The relationships between human thought and action, Transaction publishers, New York. Bender, M 2009, The fast, the fraudulent the fatal: The dangerous and dark side of illegal street racing, drifting and modified cars, AuthorHouse, California. Brennan, L Binney, W 2010, ‘Fear, Guilt and Shame Appeals in Social Marketing’, Journal of Business Research, vol. 63 no. 2, pp.140-146. Buckworth, J Dishman, R. 2002, Exercise Psychology, Human Kinetics, New York. Conner, M Armitage, C 1998, ‘Extending the theory of planned behaviour: A review and avenues for further research’, Journal of Applied Social Psycholo gy, vol. 28 no 1, pp.1429-1464 Donovan, R Henley, N 2010, Principles and practice of social marketing: An international perspective, Cambridge University Press, New York. Dorn, L 2010, Driver behaviour and training: human factors in road and rail transport, Ashgate Publishing, London. Hartig, K 2000, ‘Claiming the Freeway: Young Male Drivers in Pursuit of Independence, Space and Masculinity’, Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies, vol. 5 no 1, pp.36-49. Kotler, P Lee, R 2004, Corporate social responsibility: Doing the most good for your company and your cause, John Wiley Sons, New York. Schultz, P, Nolan, J, Cialdini, R, Goldstein, N Griskevicius, V 2007, ‘The constructive, destructive, and reconstructive power social norms’, Psychological science, vol.18 no 5, pp.429-434. Terry, D Hogg, M 1999, Attitudes, behaviour, and social context: The role of norms and group membership, Taylor Francis, Mahwah. This report on Social Marketing and Sustainability was written and submitted by user Norah Stuart to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Imaginary Friends (Published) Essays

Imaginary Friends (Published) Essays Imaginary Friends (Published) Essay Imaginary Friends (Published) Essay Imaginary friends Imaginary friends are very common in kids with big imagination, very lonely or mentally ill. The most probable would be loneliness. These are usually caused by children whose parents are away or always busy. Thus, their time being with their children is limited. It is said that because of their loneliness, imaginary friends are born. They would usually talk with them, play with them or just stay by their sides. These are very normal, but they also have side effect. Some of the rare causes of having imaginary friend are having a real spiritual friend. Many causes of paranormal stuffs involving hallucinations or mentally ill, but some are real. These rare cases are only experienced by children who have physical abilities or just victims of their super natural world. Sometimes, when a family moves to another place, there is a small percentage that their children would experience having an imaginary friend, depending on the things that took place where they live. Some fortunate kids would make new spiritual friends. They might even become their guardian angel, but not all of them are lucky. I was one of the lucky few who have met such a kid. Her name was Antonia. She was one of my best friends until they move to a new house in Boston. I remember very well, that Antonia would come to my place and tell me stories of her childhood days. One of the stories she told me happed when she was like seven years old when she stayed at her grandparents’ house at summer in Tennessee. There at their house in Tennessee, she had no friends, so she had â€Å"Imaginary Friends†, for she thought it is common for children of all ages to have imaginary friends. Yet, children usually aren’t able to tell a story to adults so many times without it being true. As I can recall, the story happened like this†¦ That night before she went to sleep, she laid there in the bed and stared at the ceiling. The room has many kinds of antiques, since that room belonged once to Antonia’s how many greats grandmother. In the middle of the room there was a crystalline chandelier, which any home probably from the eighteen hundreds. I remembered her telling me that whenever she’s looking at this chandelier every night, all of a sudden many little sparkles would come piling out. The only way she can describe them is when its dark and you look around, you can see tons of little lights blinking, or when you look into the sun for too long. Anyway, these were not just from looking into the dark they moved, without her moving my eyes. Every night, her â€Å"sparkling imaginary friend† would appear out from the chandelier. Every night they would talk about things that they have in common. Also she told me that whenever she would talk to her, they did not speak to her aloud nor whisper, but she could hear them in her head and would answer them aloud. Which was weird for a kid like her, but she didn’t care much back then. I would, in conversation, mention my sparkling imaginary friends, my parents would think nothing of it. Then I started to talk about them more frequently, maybe trying to tell my parents about them. One night, my parents were putting me to bed and brought a glass of milk for me to drink. I insisted that my friends were mad at me. I dont remember why they were upset now, but Im thinking because I told my parents. They left the room and the glass of milk with me. The next morning my big brother came to wake me up and found that the glass of milk had been dumped on my head. He ran and got my parents, who woke me up and asked me why would you do this? I simply replied, I told you they were mad at me. My so-called imaginary friends never forgave me. I never saw them again but throughout the year some more odd things have happened to me, but as she got older her imaginary friends slowly fade away and thus she had made friends with real people. Real friends that will be by her side no matter what’ll happen.

Reasons for the Introduction of Statutory Planning in Britain Essay

Reasons for the Introduction of Statutory Planning in Britain - Essay Example In 1800, the population was 10.5 million and by 1850, this number was nearly 21 million indicating a doubled figure. By 1900, the population had nearly doubled again and the figure at that time was 37 million. It became obvious that such an increase in population would finally change the physical appearance of the country and result to potential problems associated with this (Penri 2008). At the same time, the industrial revolution had transformed Britain from a country dominated by agriculture into an industrial nation. Early industrial revolution centered populations in the northern Europe specifically Midlands, England and South Wales due to the wool and cotton towns and coalfields. The result was a dramatic growth of the industrial towns and both in terms of population and infrastructure. At this time, there was no pressure for statutory planning in Britain. The result of this was appalling conditions marked by haphazard springing of factories and houses. Due to minimal pressure for statutory town planning, there was no attempt to conduct zoning in Midlands, England and South Wales. As a result, most people lived near their workplaces. There was also no attempt to control the standards of construction and sanitation in these towns. This laxity was a result of a strong belief and reliance on the capacity of the private sector. Consequently, the foul state of housing in these towns led to serious outbreaks and spread of diseases like typhoid and cholera. Towards the end of 19th century, there were increasing concerns for housing conditions especially in the most industrialized towns. There was a need to act in order to control the existing trends in the construction of houses and industries. The believe that cities are evil was also growing. By the end of the 19th century, opinions supporting the need to conduct legislation governing town planning were forwarded by various individuals. At this time, there was also an increased interest in Germany because it h ad already legislated statutory planning. It was a good example for Britain. A more powerful force on the need to legislate resulted from the ideas and publications of protagonists of planning like J. S Nettlefold. Nettlefold believed in decentralization to the suburbs due to their pleasant environment, cheap transport and cheap land. In 1908, he published a book entitled Practical Housing which outlined the general plan required for unbuilt land, new powers to implement proposals and municipal ownership of land (Penri 2008). Effectiveness of the early statutory planning legislations and their impacts on urban development in the period up to 1939 According to Penri (2008), the first planning Act in Britain was passed in 1909. This Act authorized local councils to prepare planning schemes for any land that was undergoing development or that which was likely to be used for building purposes. The latter group of lands mainly comprised of suburban lands. The planning schemes were suppos ed to be prepared with the main aim of ensuring that in the years to come, lands that lie within the vicinity of towns are developed in a manner that connection between them and neighboring lands was most convenient. Most importantly, they were to ensure that the land development processes allowed for proper amenity and sanitary conditions. Apart from regulating the number of premises built per site and the space between them, the town planning schemes defined zones and controlled the types of buildings permitted per zone. By 1913, a total of 66 town planning schemes had already been drafted in 50 of Britain’s local authorities. Only those of Middlesex and Birmingham were approved. The preparation and approval of a scheme took a long time. Generally, the process was long and

Business Strategy Briefing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business Strategy Briefing Paper - Essay Example 2012-2013. Moreover, it has also been recognised that the company has over 11,500 branches located in the UK market (Royal Mail Group Limited, 2014). In order to determine the competitive position of Royal Mail, it will be vital to apply ‘Porter’s Five Force Model’. The elements of this model are aligned with the various factors related to the company and are described below: Royal Mail relies on its special deliverance system with the aim of providing quality services to its customers. In this regard, it has been determined that approximately 18,000 vehicles assist the company to produce designated postal services across the world. Thus, it can be asserted that the bargaining power of its supplier is high (Royal Mail Group Limited, 2014; Karagiannopoulos et. al., 2005). The bargaining power of buyers is rising within the industry in which Royal Mail operates its operations in the UK market. Correspondingly, it has been recognised that the present customers of the company have become more of service quality conscious and time sensitive, which has enforced the company to reduce its rate of delay or accidents in the UK market. Thus, it can be asserted that the bargaining power of its consumers is relatively high within the industry (Royal Mail Group, 2013; Karagiannopoulos et. al., 2005). A diagram is depicted below for better comprehension of the above stated concept. In order to identify the competitive rivalry, it has been observed that Royal Mail has witnessed higher threats from its competitors, due to the private courier service providers in the UK. Subsequently, it has been recognised that Royal Mail has emphasised towards quality services in order to attain competitive advantage over its competitors. Thus, the level of competitive rivalry can be identified to be high (Karagiannopoulos et. al., 2005). With respect to the threat of substitute, the company has faced severe challenges from other industries such as telecom and

War on terror Essay Example for Free

War on terror Essay The statement, â€Å"One man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter,† has become a great obstacle in war on terror. In the struggle against terrorism, the problem of definition is a crucial element in the attempt to coordinate international collaboration, based on the currently accepted rules of traditional warfare. Due to that reason the herein literature review includes a work which deals with the legal issues related to terrorism. The relevance of works related to the direct war on terror to this review is obvious. In particular this review includes the works dedicated to the general outline and principals of the study of terrorist organizations as well as works dealing with the study of financial activity of terrorist organizations. The first work under review is the book Terrorism and Organized Hate Crime: Intelligence Gathering, Analysis, and Investigations by Michael R. Mpa Ronczkowski. (2004) Material in this book can provide personnel of different services with an understanding and approach for gathering intelligence and conducting analysis on terrorism-related matters. For me personally this work is valuable due to its clear classification of terror activity. The author distinguishes the following types of terrorists’ activity: Political terrorism, Ecological terrorism, Agricultural terrorism, Narco terrorism, Biological terrorism, and Cyber terrorism. Besides the author defines and presents the peculiarities of each of the type. The important element of the work is that it describes the history and roots of modern terrorism. The book is also distinguished by the wide scope it covers, it doesn’t limit only to the terrorism in the Asia but also deals with domestic terrorism. In case with the USA the author claims that evolution of domestic terrorism, organized groups such as gangs and crime families have a long-standing presence in the U. S. The genesis of domestic terrorism lays in hate. And finally the author suggests the way to distinguish common criminal actions from terror. The criminal group with clear hierarchal structure is a distinguishing feature of terrorism. The article Terrorism, Counterterrorism and International Law examines terrorism and counterterrorism from the point of view of international law. The work highlights the legal vagueness of the notion of terrorism. Thus this work continues an issue discussed in the previous work. The author poses the two disputable questions one in the context of Israel/Palestine: â€Å"Israelis call suicide bombers a terrorist Palestinians call them a martyr. Who is right? † and another one â€Å"Why is the attack on the Twin Towers called terrorism, while the bombing of a hospital in Kabul is not? † International law appears to be unable to give a clear response to these questions. Nevertheless, the author observes that according to the up-to-date situation with international law in certain cases it can identify terrorism. So, the taking of a hostage for the purpose of obtaining the liberation of a political prisoner fits the definition of a terrorist act. The same crime committed solely for the payment of ransom does not. The hijacking of the four planes on September 11 was a megaterrorist act. It is questionable; however, whether the hijacking of a plane bound for Florida to enable the hijacker to land in Cuba fits the general view of terrorism. The search for appropriate methods of fighting terrorism must necessarily include the understanding of the motives that guide the terrorists in their actions. The article Understanding, Responding to and Preventing Terrorism makes an attempt to explain the roots for the terrorism directed at the United States, and the rage that fuelled the attackers on September 11. The author defines the most significant among the reasons that cause such violent attitude towards American nation. Thus he points to the globalization of poverty, Washingtons continued support for Israels treatment of the Palestinians, U. S. bombing and sponsorship of the devastating economic sanctions against Iraq, and the alliance between the United States and Arab monarchies such as Saudi Arabia, where the U. S. maintains a significant military presence. Analysing causes of terror he differentiates certain types of terrorism such as individual terrorism; International State terrorism; State regime or Government terror and some others. However, the author does not focus solely on the faults of the nations that generate terrorist groups but claims the responsibility for the United States bombing of Afghanistan and Israels massacre of the Palestinians which violated international law as well as questions lawfulness of an invasion of Iraq. Finally, this work offers useful suggestions, in the context of international law, for creating peaceful alternatives to respond to terrorism and to deter it in the future. The next work under revision is the journal article State Terrorism and Globalization: The Cases of Ethiopia and Sudan by Asafa Jalata. The article scrutinizes the essence of state terrorism in Ethiopia and Sudan in regional and global contexts. Nowadays Ethiopian and Sudanese states have been formed, consolidated, and maintained by state terrorism and global connections. The Ethiopian state was created by the alliance of Abyssinian (Amhara-Tigray) dependent colonialism and European imperialism, and the Sudanese state by British colonialism known as the Anglo-Egyptian condominium. The work is significant by the study of historical background to the processes of state formation in the two countries. It also explores the global, regional, and local processes through which the modern Ethiopian and Sudanese states emerged. The examinations of connection between terrorism, globalism, and the process of racialization and ethnicization of state power may appear helpful for exploiting a rational means for fighting terrorism. Finally article is useful by its conclusion that in these two countries there can be no multicultural or multinational democracy, peace, stability, or development without removing the conditions that have facilitated external dependency and domestic terrorism. The September 11 attacks constitute a virtually unprecedented threat to security of the modern society and way of life. The attacks have thus evoked a natural demand both for retribution and for measures to keep people safe. The article The Death Penalty an Obstacle to the War against Terrorism? by Thomas Michael McDonnell deals with a fundamental question, namely, whether, as a matter of law and policy, the federal government should use the death penalty against those found to have been involved in the September 11 attacks, in particular, and, more broadly, against those who belong to or have allied themselves with al Qaeda. Meting out the death penalty to international terrorists involves difficult moral, legal, and policy questions. The September 11 crimes were not only domestic crimes, but also international ones. Yet most countries in the world have abolished capital punishment. None of the four currently operating international criminal tribunals is authorized to impose a death sentence. In addition, the advent of the suicide bomber turns the deterrence justification for the death penalty inside out. Might the death penalty help create martyrs rather than discourage similar attacks? Could the imposing the death penalty increase support in the Islamic world for al Qaeda and other extremist groups? These are the question the author raises in this work. The article examines these questions in the context of the Zacarias Moussaoui case, the supposed twentieth hijacker, who, on September 11, 2001, had been held in custody for twenty-six days. It mostly deals with criminal liability imposed not on the actual perpetrators, but on accomplices and co-conspirators, secondary rather than primary actors, discusses current American law and supports the idea of death penalty as one of possible way to prevent or at least impede terrorism. And the last work under consideration is the article by Zachary Abuza Funding Terrorism in Southeast Asia: The Financial Network of Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiya. The author here points out to one of the most influential factor that hinders the war on terrorism as a financing of terrorist organization. Thus he asserts that mechanisms for funding terrorism have continued unabated in Southeast Asia, and to date no terrorist assets or funds have been seized in the region. The knowledge of the financial aspects of terrorists’ activity may considerably accelerate the solution of this painful problem. For example, Al Qaedas financial basis was built on a foundation of charities, non-governmental organizations, mosques, websites, fund-raisers, intermediaries, facilitators, and banks and other financial institutions that helped finance the mujiheddin throughout the 1980s. This network extended to all corners of the Muslim world. The goal of counter-terrorism is to constrict the environment in which terrorists operate and their logistical and financial support networks is one of the most important elements of this environment. This will restrict terrorists’ means to travel, communicate, procure equipment and conduct attacks. This is, as the author suggests, arguably the most difficult part of the war on terror, as terrorist organizations use myriad ways to fund their operations, legal and illegal, overt and covert, with paper trails or without. He finally arrives to the conclusion that tracking this funding has to become a priority for law enforcement or counter-terrorist officials. To assist this investigation he provides with comprehensive account of the way such organizations like Jemaah Islamiya, Al Qaeda get financed. To conclude this critical bibliography I’d like to note that international law is still unable to give a well-defined, clear definition of terrorism. Thus basing only on the international law it is impossible to win the war on terrorism. This war demands the use of such notions as universal human values and justice which are considerably wider than any law and what is more at some circumstances contradict law. But only incorporation of human aspect into the legal process can help to defeat terrorism. Bibliography RONCZKOWSKI, Michael R. Mpa Terrorism and Organized Hate Crime: Intelligence Gathering, Analysis, and Investigations. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 2004. WEISS, Peter. Terrorism, Counterterrorism and International Law. Arab Studies Quarterly. : 2002: 11+ COHN, Marjorie. Understanding, Responding to and Preventing Terrorism. Arab Studies Quarterly. 2002: 25+ JALATA, Asafa. State Terrorism and Globalization: The Cases of Ethiopia and Sudan. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 46 (1-2): 2005: 79+ MCDONNELL, Thomas Michael. The Death Penalty an Obstacle to the War against Terrorism? Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 37 (2): 2004: 353+ ABUZA, Zachary. Funding Terrorism in Southeast Asia: The Financial Network of Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiya. Contemporary Southeast Asia. 25 (2): 2003: 169+ Retrieved April 04, 2006 from http://www. asiamedia. ucla. edu/article. asp? parentid=7520

IQ Tests :: Triarchic Theory, Intelligence, Success

To what extent do you agree that IQ tests are a meaningful measure of intelligence? Introduction: There is much debate about IQ tests. There are many definitions of intelligence and no one agreed on a specific definition. Triarchic theory one of definitions which is describe intelligence categories in three aspects involved: analytical, creative and practical (Sternbery, 1958). Some researches emphasize that IQ tests are meaningless and measures intelligence as Cohen (1991) believes that IQ scores can predict if people success in school and work or not. However, other researches argue that IQ tests is meaningless and it not possible to determined intelligence. For example, Rawat (2001) clime that IQ scores are affected by many factors. As a result, people could not depended on IQ results. This essay will argue that taking IQ tests as a measures of intelligence is insignificant. Although, it also might present some benefits. In order to demonstrate this the essay first will discuss IQ scores are able to change and it is not a good criterion to depend on. Second, it will argue that there are many factors affected on intelligence such as heredity and socio-economic factors. Moreover, it will show the differences between success and intelligence. Furthermore, it will focus on using IQ tests to discriminate between people. 1. High IQ scores do not prove intelligence: One of the reasons of IQ tests are meaningless is the obtaining high scores in the IQ test is not enough of measuring intelligence. According to Rawat (2001) high scores in the IQ test do not mean someone is intelligent. Furthermore, Chon (1991) point out people can change IQ scores when they take the test more than once, also they could know the main idea of the test, how the test works, what procedures, how they can answer the questions. As a result, they can change their scores to a high level by preparation. Indeed, it could not be a good criterion of measure of intelligence because the result is not fixed and always changes. Goleman (1998) and Salovey and Mayer (1990) mention that emotional intelligence is the important ability to express and understand emotional knowledge. As a result, IQ scores cannot be accounted by IQ test because it could not support and covered the emotional intelligence's side. Therefore, it seems clear that attaining high scores in the IQ tests are not r eliable results and cannot evaluate intelligence significantly. 2. Different factors can affect intelligence:

Tragedy involves the downfall of a hero as a result of his tragic flaw Essay

It is not simply the existence of a tragic flaw that is the sole causation of the demise of the hero and other significant characters but rather the interplay between the negative externalities and the hero’s actions as a result of his tragic flaws which does so. In Shakespeare’s Elizabethan tragedy Othello, Othello’s hamartia arises from a magnified sense of jealousy, hubris and misplaced trust brought about directly by Iago’s diabolical intellect and a growing sense of insecurity. It is these uncontrollable factors in conjunction with Othello’s tragic flaws that assist in his collapse from respected general to deluded murderer. The complex interactions between the protagonists of the play as well as strong characterisation allow for the emergence of one of Othello’s fatal flaws, misplaced trust. The Machiavellian character of Iago perpetuates the tragedy of the play by provoking hamartia within Othello. As soon as the play commences dramatic irony allows us to realise that Othello has labelled Iago, whom we know to be â€Å"Janus-faced† and deceptive, â€Å"I am not what I am†, as â€Å"a man of exceeding honesty†. The constant declarations of Iago that he â€Å"hates the moor† are juxtaposed with the repeated description of an â€Å"honest Iago† in order to build up empathy for Othello. Iago’s ability to take advantage of people’s flaws and situations when they arise also allows him to manipulate Othello’s, â€Å"free and open nature† through the â€Å"pour[ing] pestilence into the ear of the Moor† and provide evidence through the planting of Desdemona’s handkerchief , a symbol of the love between Othello and Desdemona, in â€Å"Cassio’s lodgings†. His use of innuendo, â€Å"note if your lady strain his entertainment†¦much will be seen in that† and bestial imagery and similes, â€Å"were they as prime as goats, as hot as monkey† enrage Othello and spur him to condemn Desdemona as a â€Å"fair devil†. Iago’s deceitful brilliance further leads Othello, â€Å"a credulous fool†, to accept his lies about Cassio’s dream, where Cassio sighs â€Å"Sweet Desdemona, let us be wary, let us hide our loves†, as a â€Å"foregone conclusion†. The innocent references to Cassio as â€Å"suitor† by Desdemona in conjunction with Cassio’s light-hearted references to Desdemona as â€Å"divine Desdemona† and â€Å"a maid that  paragons description and wild fame† further aid Iago in both winning Othello’s trust and eliminating it from his loved ones. Iago’s strong characterisation acts as a foil to the main protagonists in Othello and in conjunction with dramatic irony and bestial imagery serves in bringing out Othello’s tragic flaw of misplaced trust. The increasing insecurity of Othello, arising from a constant need to assimilate into Venetian culture and fight the label of ‘Outsider’, weakens his trust in Desdemona and consequently allows for jealousy to take over. Othello, set in 15th century Venice, reflects the disparaging perspective of Italians to those of sub-Saharan ethnicity. Despite proving himself a â€Å"brave† and â€Å"valiant† warrior who is â€Å"more fair than black†, Othello is never referred to by name instead derogatorily labelled â€Å"the Moor†, â€Å"thicklips† and â€Å"black ram†, the use of animal imagery degrades Othello’s status and immediately sets him apart as ‘The Outsider’. Iago, in a bid to â€Å"serve his turn upon [Othello]†, â€Å"pour[s] pestilence† into Othello’s ear remarking that Desdemona rejected many â€Å"proposed matches of her own clime, complexion and degree† in choosing Othello. The subtle reminders of Iago about his ethnicity cause Othello to turn against his gut instincts, â€Å"she had eyes and chose† and wrongly believe that Desdemona â€Å" with Cassio hath the act of shame a thousand times committed†. The hyperbole accentuates Othello’s misapprehension in his insecure rage. His delusion furthermore acts as canvas through which first self-depreciation; â€Å"her name is now black and begrimed as my own face† then jealousy, â€Å"that green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on† arises. The metaphor of a green-eyed monster is apt in foreshadowing and presenting to the responders the inner turmoil and eventual monstrous transformation Othello undergoes. Unable to satisfy the â€Å"lewd minx† whom Othello believes the young, Italian Cassio has â€Å"topp’d†, his jealousy drives him to want to â€Å"tear her all to piece†, reflecting the â€Å"monstrous birth† of a new Othello . Thus were it not for the seeds of insecurity already planted in Othello’s mind Othello’s jealousy, one of his tragic flaws, could have been avoided. It is the self-perpetuating nature of Insecurity that ultimately brings about Othello’s tragic flaw and subsequently his downfall. Othello’s adherence to his warrior values and accepted gender role is the main catalyst for his last tragic flaw, hubris. Othello’s background as a â€Å"brave† and â€Å"valiant† soldier experienced through numerous â€Å"battles, sieges and dangers† instil in him values of courage, pride and insensitivity towards death. It is this background which also sees him more familiar with actions than words. At his return to Cyprus he â€Å"cannot speak enough of this content† but can act and promptly kisses her there, thus Othello is the foil to Iago, who’s cunning with words ignite the flame of Othello’s pride and unleashes â€Å"waked wrath†. Iago’s knowledge of the nature of gender is revealed through his quote, â€Å"Good name in man and woman, dear my lord, is the immediate jewel of their souls† and it is through Iago’s intimate knowledge of the importance Othello places on gender roles in assisting hi m in his assimilation into Venetian society, that he is able to inspire â€Å"monstrous† hubris within Othello. By insinuating Desdemona as a â€Å"whore† and â€Å"strumpet†, Iago is able to incite Othello into murdering Desdemona, â€Å"If I quench thee..I can again thy former light restore† thus bringing about catharsis and the downfall of Othello. Thus Othello’s last fatal flaw, hubris, a remnant of his soldier ethos causes him to believe that honour may only be restored through the correction of gender roles and in doing so brings about his downfall. It can therefore be concluded that although the tragic flaw plays a large part in the inciting of the hero’s tragic flaws, it is the interaction between the context, characters and the hero’s actions which ultimately brings about his demise. In Othello the foil of Iago in conjunction with the innocent nuances of other characters, dramatic irony and Othello’s insecurity which gives rise to his fatal flaws of jealousy, misplaced trust and hubris and it is only through the interplay between elements that catharsis and agnorisus can occur.

Causal Thinking Based On Correlational Findings - 1533 Words

This causal thinking based on correlational findings is very similar to race theory and the obsession with finding a genetic basis to racial categorization and racial superiority among whites. As discussed on January 30th, Dr. Miller explained how Sam Morton studied skulls, creating a hierarchical system, placing Caucasians at the top and Africans at the bottom arguing that IQ was related to the cephalic index of an individual (Dr. Miller, 1/30/17, UC Berkeley). This overestimation of biological factors and a disregard of developmental and cultural factors is very similar to the desire for sex researchers to find one master gene to explain sex differentiation, not understanding the complexity and range of both genetic and phenotypic†¦show more content†¦Jennifer Graves and Roger Short had similar criticisms arguing that bias played a role in the search for a master gene solely among the Y, explaining that by doing this they eliminated all possibilities of the role of the X c hromosome in sex determination. Intersex individuals and the perpetuation of binary bodies Through examining the ways intersex individuals are treated in a medical setting, one can see how science only allows binary bodies to be created. Crawley et al. (2007) discusses intersex individuals and the standard treatment of intersex children, being to alter their ‘abnormal’ genitalia to resemble one of the two genders. This has become the normal treatment as if this is necessary, but the only threat the child is in danger of is not fitting perfectly into the heteronormative standard of correct genitalia. Because surgical intervention proves we alter and change one’s sex, it becomes difficult to claim that sex and gender are solely biological, when clearly one’s gender and sex becomes largely altered the moment they are born into society. Anne Fausto Sterling, outlines her concept of the five sexes, explaining that intersex is a term used to describe any individual that doesn’t fit into the narrow categories of male and female. 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