The Original Sources Of Romeo And Juliet Essays -

The Original Sources of Romeo and Juliet There were many other written stories of Romeo and Juliet before William Shakespeare first wrote his version of Romeo and Juliet (Watts 13). The earliest rendition of the play Romeo and Juliet dates back to the third century AD. Then the story reappears in the fifteenth century in a more detailed form. Luigi da Porto publishes a version of this story in 1530. De Porto's play version is where Shakespeare gets the plot of his version of Romeo and Juliet (Bentley138). Then in 1544, Matteo Bandello publishes his version of the story of Romeo and Juliet based on De Porto's play. Boiastuau then translated Bandello's play into French in 1559. Then in 1562 Arthur Brooke translates the French version of Romeo and Juliet into English with a few additions. From these stories William Shakespeare based his famous play Romeo and Juliet. The earliest rendition of Romeo and Juliet was a story called Ephesiaca of Xenophon of Ephesus that was written in the third century AD (Gibbons 33). The wife Anthia is separated from her husband and rescued from robbers by Perilaus; to avoid marrying him she obtains a drug from a doctor that she believes will kill her but it is only a sleeping potion. She awakens in tomb and is carried off by tomb robbers. In the fifteenth century the story is written by Masuccio Salernitano titled Cinquante Novelle (Campbell and Quinn 710). The story takes place in Siena; Mariotto secretly marries Giannozza with the help of a bribed Friar. In a fight Mariotto kills a prominent citizen, and he is then banished. Mariotto asks his brother to keep him informed of the events that take place in Siena as he goes into exile in Alexandria. Giannozza now comes under pressure of her father to marry a suitor that he thinks to be satisfactory. She bribes the Friar to make her a sleeping potion, which she drinks, after sending a message to her husband. She is then buried, and is brought out of the tomb by the Friar. She then sails for Alexandria to reunite with her banished husband. However, pirates captured the message that she sent to her husband. Mariotto, on hearing of her supposed death, returns to Siena disguised as a pilgrim. He tries to open her tomb but is caught and beheaded. Giannozza comes back to Siena and dies of grief in a convent. In 1530 Luigi de Porto publisher his own version of the legend sets the scene in Verona. In his story the lovers are named Romeo and Guilietta and the two families of Montecchi and Capelletti are enemies (Gibbons 34). There is a Friar Lorenzo, and de Porto invents Marcuccio, Thebaldo, and the Conte di Lodrone (Shakespeare's Paris). Romeo goes disguised as a nymph to a carnival ball at his enemy's house in the hope of seeing a lady who is as beautiful as his Rosaline. Giulietta falls in love with him at first sight and, in a dance, a change of partners brings him next to her. They express their attraction to one another and they meet each other each night at Giulietta's balcony until one night Romeo asks her to marry him and she accepts. Friar Lorenzo, a friend of Romeo, marries the two, hoping to bring peace to the two feuding families. Then in a brawl Romeo at first tries to avoid harming any Capelletti, but when his friends are threatened he kills Thebaldo. Romeo then flees to Mant ua, leaving a message to the Friar to keep him in touch with events in Verona. Since Giulietta is eighteen, her parents interpret her grief as a sign that she wishes to be married (Gibbins 35). They arrange for her to be married to Lodrone. She refuses, and so angers her father. She asks the Friar for poison but he substitutes it with a sleeping potion intended to last for forty-eight hours. The next morning she is found apparently dead and is buried in the family vault. A message from Friar Lorenzo fails to reach Romeo, but a servant, believing that Giulietta is dead, gives Romeo the fatal news. Romeo returns to Verona disguised as a peasant and

Max Stafford-Clarke Essays

Max Stafford-Clarke Essays Max Stafford-Clarke Paper Max Stafford-Clarke Paper Stafford-Clark researches every play he does and expects his company to do the same, the company are expected to read around the subject of the play not Just through books, but wrought interviewing relevant people. Stafford-Clacks style of work is verbatim theatre, a type of documentary theatre. People are interviewed and their stories told in a verbatim way. Multimode is also used so that actors can play multiple characters. The Permanent Way* is an example of his work, based around the prevarication of Britains railways. He investigated people related to the situation so that the play could be true to the actual cause. Much of Stafford-Clacks work centers on political issues and events from which he can study. A workshop isnt exactly rehearsal, nor Is t Journalistic investigation, nor is it academic research and yet It contains elements of all three of these. - Max Stafford-Clark There are many rehearsal techniques that Stafford-Clark uses In his work, his most famous Is the use of playing cards to work out the dynamics of a scene and to develop a character. They are most commonly used to work out status and Intensity, for scenes that were not quite working in rehearsals Stafford-Clacks card technique was used to allow the actor to consider other angles of performance. Improvisation Is also used In Stafford-Clacks rehearsal take, for example actors would have to Improvise around an Important theme In the play to Improve the understanding of the actors to the situation they are trying to act and therefore help them get Into their roles. With Max Stafford-Clark as practitioner in mind we picked to perform Time Pieces as we believed that we could apply Stafford-Clacks method of research and rehearsal techniques to this play. Time Pieces has a mall theme of womens rights, as with Stafford-Clacks work this Is a political problem that can be research and delivered In a documentary style with use of multimode. We can also research real women of the time to understand how society was for them and therefore develop our performances around our research. As there are many characters In Time Pieces we can use Stafford-Clacks rehearsal techniques of using playing cards and Improvisation to understand our roles and apply status and Intensity to certain scenes that could be played with some Interpretation from the actor. As the play Is based solely on women status Is not always clear we can therefore use playing cards to experiment with status and trial different ways of performing certain scenes.

Investment Analysis essay for the exam Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Investment Analysis for the exam - Essay Example In actively managed portfolios, fund managers do not believe that market is always efficient and they are always eager to make use of such mismatch in pricing that does not discount the information completely. If active fund manager remains successful in identifying such opportunities, it is possible to make above average returns without exposing to higher systematic risk and thus, it is possible to outperform the market through actively managed portfolios. Information always continues to flow in the market and prices keep on fluctuating. Sometimes the information is stock specific and sometimes, some macroeconomic factors may provide direction to the market. Disadvantage of actively managed fund is that these funds have higher expense ratios. They also pay higher taxes as they frequently enter and exit in the market. Due to their modus-operandi, these funds may give higher returns; however, they carry higher risks too. It is also true that prices fluctuate in response to available information widely as per the perceptions of the players involved and they are mostly unpredictable. Usually, it is not possible to use information to predict future price. Contrasting actively managed funds, passively managed funds take a long term view and do not frequently enter or exit the market. The advantage is that they are less risky and pay lesser taxes in comparison to active funds. Owing to limited number of transactions, passively managed funds spend less on transaction costs. They usually provide risk free average returns. Passively managed funds are highly diversified to minimize market risks. Another advantage is that they are not information dependent while reshuffling their portfolios, which usually happen at much lesser frequency. The only disadvantage that can be said against passively managed funds is that they do not provide fancy returns;

Medical microbiology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medical microbiology - Assignment Example Some of them are insufficient media, bactericidal activity present in blood, amount of blood used for culturing, antibiotics occurrence, blood collection time. Most of bacterial cells of Salmonella serovar Typhi resides intracellulary in the patient’s blood. There is a need of reliable, rapid and sensitive methods for clinical detection of Salmonella serovar Typhi. Serological tests are available but its sensitivity and specificity is very low. The blood culture sensitivity is highest during the first week of illness but it then gradually decreases with advancement of illness. 45- 70% patients of typhoid fever can be identified through blood culturing. It depends upon the blood sample amount, bacteraemic level of Salmonella, culture medium type, length of incubation. Also the Salmonella bacteria presence in patient’s blood is very low, often below detection by blood culturing and even below detection by PCR. Difficulties become more due to limited amount of patient blood sample. Ox bile tryptone soy broth was used for blood culture; it allows blood cell lysis completely, which causes the release of intracellular bacteria. It does not inhibit the growth of Salmonella Typhi. From research it was found out that bacterial growth can be increased if blood culture media contains lyzing agents for blood cells. By performing various tests it was found out that 2.4% ox bile presence in blood culture will lyse blood cells within 1.5 hours so that the bacteria present intracellulary came out. Salmonella bacteria when kept in tryptone soya broth containing 2.4% ox bile for 3 hours will increase the amount of bacteria from 0.75 CFU per milliliter of blood. This level can be easily detectible by using regular PCR method. This blood culture PCR assay processing time is lesser than 8 hours as compared to conventional blood culture which may take 2 -5 days. Salmonella serovars patient’s blood or serum is also bactericidal

Barcelona Grid System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Barcelona Grid System - Essay Example The active trend socially and economically drew the city out of its walls and at the end of the thirteenth century another wall was built around the new settlements known as viles noves (new houses). Around the 14th century another stretch of walls began to be constructed. Architects such as Antoni Gaudi in the latter half of the 19th century planned extension of the city on a rigid grid system (History of Barcelona). The grid system occupies space in the form of artistic constructions and wide roads. While this raises the aesthetic feel it aggravates the requirement of modern constructions where space is at premium (Architecture). Today the city of Barcelona is fabulous and one of the costliest in the world to live in. It has beautiful buildings, a university, museum, wide roads, hotels, and golf courses. The city is a marvel and it beckons the world from its pristine Mediterranean shores.

Economic Analysis of Nepal

Economic Analysis of Nepal CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 ackground of the study Nepal is a small landlocked country situated between China and India (area 147,181 square kilometers) with three primary ecological zones (Terai, Hilly and Mountain). The Terai region is the bread basket region of the country, but it is densely populated. The lower part of the Hilly region has climatic advantages for growing fruits and vegetables, and the higher part of the Hill to the Mountain regions have environmental suitability for livestock production. However, the lack of infrastructure and proper agricultural commodity promotion has made the Hill and Mountain regions economically less viable. These regions also have a disproportionate number of malnourished people. Lack of economic opportunities in the country has forced many people of the working class to look outside of the country for employment and source of income to sustain their livelihoods. From an economic viewpoint, Nepal can be characterized as a low income, densely populated, agriculturally dominant economy (IFAD, 2013). A quarter of Nepals population lives on less than US$1/day, and many Nepali lack the needed human capital and economic environment for income generation within the country . British Gurkhas Nepal (BGN) most important function is the annual recruitment process. Every year, a total of 186 men are selected following the rigorous selection process that is run from the camp at Pokhara. Of these, 126 join the British Army, while the remaining 60 join the Gurkha Contingent of the Singapore Police Force. BGN also facilitates transit, both to and from Nepal, of recruits, serving soldiers on leave and their families. Under the Gurkha Married Accompanied Service (GMAS) policy, all married serving Gurkha soldiers with three years or more service can be accompanied by their families to their posting, whether in the UK or Brunei. BGN has responsibility for arranging the call forward of Gurkha families under this scheme, and for organising flights to and from a posting.[N1] BGN has responsibility for organising the payment of pensions, while welfare for serving soldiers is run centrally from Kathmandu, with a number of Area Welfare Centres in other locations. Welfare for ex-servicemen is the responsibility of the Gurkha Welfare Service(GWS), an arm of the UK based Gurkha Welfare Trust, which is based at Pokhara. The GWS is responsible for the distribution of both individual welfare through distribution of pensions and grants to ex-servicemen and widows, and communal welfare through provision of infrastructure projects which helps to increase the remittance of our country. Currently there are 39 battalions serving in 7 Gorkha regiments in the Indian Army. For thousands of brave Gurkha those who are in service, ex-serviceman, their widows, and their families, the Welfare Pension is the difference between destitution and a life lived with dignity. The pension is enough to provide life’s essentials, including food, fuel, oil for cooking and clothes. By sponsoring a pensioner for  £20 a month, your gift will directly help to pay for a Welfare Pension that enables ex-Gurkhas and their families to live out their lives in dignity which has direct impact on Nepalese economy. According to Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) 2011, among the total population of 28 million, the total labor force was 21.84 million and agricultural employment was 13.98 million (64 percent of the work force). The growth of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) had been only 3percentduring the 15 years period (from 1995/96 to 2010/11), in comparison to the growth of population by 2 percent over the same period (CBS, 2011). Therefore, the increase in agricultural GDP is not yet sufficient to lift a large number of people engaged in agriculture out of poverty, reduce malnutrition, and assure food security of the nation , 2012). [N2]Despite the fact that agriculture is vital for the livelihood and economy of the country, food imports grew from $125 million to $373 million over the period from 1995/1996 to 2010/2011 (ADB, 2013).[N3]The 2013 United Nations Human Development Report (HDR) has shown that Nepal remains one of the poorest countries in thesecond world with a Human Devel opment Index (HDI) of 0.463, and is positioned at 157 out of 187 countries. In 2011, about 25 percent of the total population was below the poverty level, which was mainly due to concentration of the poor in the agriculture based rural economy (CBS, 2011; MOF 2012). One of the major impacts of this economic situation is malnutrition, which is evident as 42 percent of children younger than five years old suffered from stunting (CBS, 2011). In the year 2012, the country ranked 60th in the Global Hunger Index 1(IFPRI, 2012) and the prevalence of overall undernourished among residents of Nepal was18 percent of the total population (FAO, 2012). The lack of economic opportunities due to weak performance of the agricultural sector, high population growth, and unstable political situations has prompted many of the most productive members of rural households to migrate in recent years (ADB, 2013). Both internal and international migrations are common in Nepal (Gurung, 2001). [N4] Nepal has experienced a substantial exodus of working adults to international destinations. According to the Nepal Institute of Developmental Studies (NIDS,2010), India hosts the largest number of Nepali workers anywhere in the world, but accurate information on the number of migrants to India is not available as these two countries share open borders. However, it was estimated that approximately 1.3 million male and 153,000 female Nepali migrants work in India (NIDS, 2010). Among countries that require a visa/work permit to work, the largest number of Nepalese migrant workers had chosen to migrate/work in Malaysia (361,464) followed by Qatar (351,544), Saudi Arabia (246,448), United Arab Emirates (178,535) and Bahrain (20,303) during the period 2006-2013. Nepalese migrants working in these countries are the source of a large amount of remittance, officially estimated at over US$ 5.1 billion in 2012 (IFAD, 2013). During fiscal year 2013, Nepal’s economic growth fell to 3.6 percent because of political uncertainty, shortfalls in public expenditures and low agricultural output. Despite the Lower growth rate and instability, the country has able to fund its trade deficit through the robust remittance in flow (World Bank, 2013). According to CBS (2011), the percentage of households receiving remittances increased from 23.4 percent in 1995/1996 to about 55.8 percent in 2010/2011 and the share of remittances in household income increased from about 26.6 percent to 30.9 percent during the same period. Thus, remittance income has been playing a crucial role for sustaining the livelihood of people residing in the country. The general objective of my thesis is to understand labor migration, impact of army personnel serving at British and India, tourism and its impact in Nepal and to establish a link between remittance and Nepalese economy. Specifically, the research will determine the pertinent variables that affect the migration, providing an understanding on the economy generated by remittance and identify the factors associated with internal and international migration along with the impact that remittance pushes toward the national economy. Statement of Problem Nepal being traditionally agrarian economy (i.e. the economy which relies primarily on the agriculture sector) also generates huge number of employment though most of them are unpaid. Moreover, the family depends upon the agriculture sector have been practicing this as a means to sustain rather than in a commercial way which seems to be main hurdles behind the lack of adequate employment generation in the country. Similarly, industrial sector growth has also been limited in the country on back of political interference, acute power shortage and lack of investment friendly environment in the country. This also is creating a problem in the foreign as well as domestic investment in the county ultimately affecting employment market in the country as well. Therefore, some of these questions are relevant in terms of remittances challenges in Nepal. What is the current status of remittance in Nepal? Which all are the factors that are affecting the economic sector? What are challenges and opportunities behind the remittances and the focus areas for the government to overcome it? Objective of the study In general the study will target towards analyzing the major factor that are limiting the growth of agriculture and industrial sector which employs large sector of the population and has potentiality to generate large number of employment in the country. More specifically however, the study will focus upon the following areas: To study economy situation of Nepal in general. 1.3.2 To study foreign employment sector in Nepal in reference to its contribution on employment generation in Nepal. To study factors affecting the growth of remittances in Nepal. To study the impact of remittances on economic insecurity. To study the impact of remittances on economic growth and poverty reduction. [N5] Justification of the study Migration refers to the movements of a person or group of people from one place to another place, which is generally understood as a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence. Migrants selectively choose to move across an international border or within a domestic boundary. Migration is an important issue in many countries around the world. Benefits and drawbacks of migration can be described in terms of â€Å"brain drain,† â€Å"brain gain,† â€Å"flow of remittances,† and â€Å"flow of skill.†(1996, Karan)[N6]. Migration is a concern of both source and sinks countries. One of the major problem being faced by the Nepali economy or the country as a whole is the unemployment which is creating lot of political and social problem in the country. Meanwhile, the research being conducted about the challenges on employment generation in Nepal is being researched on limited manner which created the void sector for the research[N7]. At the same time, we can al so learn about the current status of employment market and its challenges in creating the job. Therefore, this research paper helps students, academician, policy maker, reader and scholar to know about the factor which is affecting the growth of the remittance of Nepalese economy. Limitation of the study The required information to carry out the research has been collected from secondary sources. The field research is difficult due to vast areas for the research topic and the limited timeframe. There are materials being available in the internet i.e. numerical and analytical data which is used as basic materials for the research. [N8] 1.6 Review of Literature Report on Nepal Labour Force Survey 2008 which was prepared by Central Bureau of statistics, National Planning commission secretariat under Government of Nepal has in-depth research material about the Nepal employment market, Time-related under employment and labour under utilization, unemployment, sub-national indicators of employment, informal sector and informal employment, seasonal variation in employment among others. This report have incorporated all the statics and analytical aspect related to Nepali labour market. In his research paper, Promoting Employment: Challenges and Opportunities in Nepal presented on July 9-11, 2012, Dr. Jagadish C Pokharel, Former Vice Chairman National Planning Commission, explains about the employment scenario, cause of unemployment, potential sector for an employment in Nepal. Hehas mentioned about the importance of demographic composition in the employment market in Nepal. In the research report, Growth with employment for inclusive and sustainable development prepared by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development tells about the problem being faced by the least developed countries including Nepal in terms of employment. This research paper have focused upon the ineffective economic growth, need of employment creation in order to come out of poverty and focus areas for creation of sufficient quality jobs[N9]. 1.7 Research Methodology The research work has used qualitative method using secondary data. It is written analytically and in a descriptive way. Secondary data are attempted to collect from different website article, publication and research paper. It is great concern to make the research work as a more reflective of Nepalese economy and society. Chapter Organization The chapters of the research are organized as follows: Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. To Migrate Or Not To Migrate: Decision Of Nepalese Adults Chapter 3. Remittance Economy Of Nepal And Migration Destination Choices Chapter 4. Food Security Of Households, Adults And Children In Nepal: The Role Of Remittance Chapter 5. Foreign Employment Causing Brain Drain Chapter 6. Conclusions, Recommendation And Suggestion [N10] [N1]Pls do reference/footnotes. [N2]Is it ABD or ADB? [N3]Is it ABD or ADB? [N4]Specifying page no is better†¦ [N5]Pls rewrite the Specific Objectives focusing only on the research questions†¦ [N6]Pls see IRP guidelines for footnotes [N7]Not clear what you want to say? [N8]May not be necessary. [N9]Write few more reviews on other books/articles. [N10]No need to make all chapter heading on Capital letters on this chapter org.

Legal Studies – the Family Law Amendment (Shared Responsibility) Act 2006

The Family Law Amendment (Shared Responsibility) Act 2006 commenced on the first of July 2006 assists in the way that separating parents resolve their disputes involving the best interests of their children. This law is still taking time to make an effect on divorcing and separating parents, as sources show that shared custody arrangements or 50:50 joint custody makes little effect on the children involved in these situations. This was achieved through a major study conducted by Bruce Smyth and Bryan Rodgers who showed that children in shared care are no worse off or no better than those who see the other parent every second weekend for example [Source E]. The aim of the legislation was to change the past 1995 reforms as they failed to achieve the desired impact of separating couples [source A]. The act was created also to encourage parents to share the parenting of their children by allowing them to have equal time with both mother and father and also for the major decisions and responsibilities of the children to be distributed evenly. The law was changed because of the various groups who protested against the past regulations the law provided. The changes included the terminology, facilitation of shared parenting time and the concept that the separated parents both retain parental responsibility [Source A]. The new family law process outlined in the Every Picture Tells a Story report also creates an emphasis on parents coming to agreements in a ‘parenting plan’. There was also a proposal to create a ‘Family Tribunal’, which was where the separating parents could work their issues with consultation and counseling without the invasive use of the courts. The government also put forward $400 million to be spent on 65 family relationship centres for counseling couples [Source B]. Groups who have been against the Family Law Amendment are law academics, judges, women’s legal services, and single mother groups, [source D] because of the issue of abuse from their spouses after the separation. The act sets out that parents are to share the responsibility of the children between them, with the exclusion of abusive spouses. This therefore results in parents having to consult each other about their children’s education, religious and cultural upbringing, health, change of name, and also place of residence [Source A]. Also included in the act is that counseling would be offered to parents in assisting them to reach an agreement between both parties, and child support doesn’t have to be given until six weeks after the parents have separated. The Act only previously allowing grandparents contact through applications however rights have been elevated and the relationship between the children and grandparents are taken directly into consideration when making the arrangements in the parenting plan. The presumption of equal shared responsibility in the amendment means that both parents have an equal role in making decisions about the major choices involving the children; for example what school they will attend. The presumption however does not apply to a parent who has engaged in any abuse, violence or neglect towards the child, and was not included in the previous Act. With this the Act strives to provide the parents with equal shared responsibility which means the child spends a reasonably even amount of time with each parent (if it is in the best interest of the child). The main issue of the legislation is the increase in funding necessary for the Act to go ahead, as the proposals put forward for the committee, family centres, and other programs require a great deal of money to be established. Tax payers are forced to contribute more so that these can be provided, however in saying this establishing the inquisitorial tribunal creates a more level playing field for separating partners, particularly if one party cannot afford private legal representation [Source A]. In excluding legal representation, which is what happens in this process, creates a lesser need for lawyers to be involved in family matters, therefore those representing families will no longer be needed. According to the National Association of Community Legal Centres they suggest that the new family law and processes â€Å"may be harmful to children† [Source B]. Compulsory mediation may force separated parents to communicate and associate with their former abusive partners, who may blackmail or force that parent to agree to an arrangement that benefits the abuser. This leads to a lifetime of fear and anticipation of more abusive from the former partner. According to the legislation, if a report or suspicion of abuse has arisen, the mediation will not go forward nor will it agree to unsafe parenting arrangements. While some children benefit from the equal shared parenting arrangements, it doesn’t mean that some are better or worse off than others. Joint physical custody has been found to be workable only in a minority of separations where parents have freely chosen the arrangement. The cases in which the shared parenting has generally worked is when there is no record of abuse or conflict and when there is commitment from both parents. [Source C]. Throughout this whole process the mediation is voluntary, and can stop at any time as the couples wish. The parties have access to legal advice, either during the mediation or before signing any mediated agreement [Source B]. There are many financial problems with this Act, as separated parents have to pay for the children independently and cannot find stability with their finances in order to pay for schooling, health and so forth. There is also the major issue that is domestic violence. The Act reinforced a fine for making false allegations about abuse and therefore some parents were pressured into making parental agreements that involved the abuser. This also made some victims too scared to tell courts about abuse or violence directed at their children [Source F]. This law is affective, however could be revised in order to benefit the parents. The financial problems that are caused by this law are unavoidable for some families, as one parent or both may struggle to afford to make ends meet. The court could evaluate each parent’s financial status and the ability of them to be economically safe in order to enable them to be able to raise the children effectively. However in saying this, the court should not take children off one parent if they are not capable to pay for the child, especially if the other parent is reportedly an abuser. Abusive parents should be constantly monitored whilst mediating with the other parent (if the victim wants mediation) and the child should have a say in which parent they think is able to look after them. Abusive spouses should not be allowed any contact with the victim while proceedings are happening, so that they do not coerce the other parent into an unfair parenting agreement. The abused parent should also be supervised during this period so that it is seen that they are not influenced or blackmailed by the abuser. The Act should focus more on the child’s need than the parents. While both parents have equal shared responsibility, the child should be involved in the parenting agreements and have a fair say in what happens to them. It is argued that the Act focuses more on the parent’s rights than the children’s needs, and that the reforms favor fathers more than mothers [Source F]. In conclusion, it is believed that the Act is not effective however has improved the rights of equal responsibility between parents. It is said that shared care is proving successful for many parents, [Source E] however parents are the only beneficiaries from this because the arrangement aids them more than the child, as the Act is more in the parents favor than the children’s. The Act should be revaluated so that it is beneficial to all parties.

Is there enough evidence to prove why Celts settled down in Hambledon hill? Essay

Today, Hambledon Hill is one of Dorset’s most impressive and distinctive landmarks. Now, it is home to a few grazing cows, but in the past it has been the home of many people. Some of the most well-known inhabitants of the hill in the past were the Celts of Dorset’s Durotrige tribe, during the Iron Age. There are many reasons why these people choose to settle on Hambledon, and this essay aims to examine why Hambledon was chosen. Before deciding why the Celts chose Hambledon as the location for a settlement, we need to look at who they are, and therefore what they would need from a settlement. As the Celts did not often record things in writing, the evidence that modern historians have is derived from two sources. The first of these are writings by their invaders, the Romans, and the second is archaeological evidence. The people that this essay is studying lived on the hill from circa 750BC to the Roman occupation of 43AD. They were the first farmers, growing their own crops, and rearing their own animals, so therefore flat and fertile land would be an essential requirement of a fort. Archaeological artefacts such as ploughs and other farming machinery found across Europe show that the Celts were farmers, and gives a helpful insight into the crops grown, and methods of farming. The Celts kept many animals such as cattle and sheep for produce such as wool, leather, milk and meat, and horses were certainly kept for transport and working in agriculture. The Celts also grew forms of barley, wheat and rye. Another essential aspect of the fort would be defence. An invading Roman Soldier described the Celts in Dorset as ‘a sturdy people, fierce and warlike’. If they were ‘warlike’ they were likely to start wars and a fort that was easy to defend would be an distinct advantage over the enemies. Archaeological evidence shows that the Celts had basic forms of money, which they used to trade with other tribes, so being geographically close other tribes was an advantage for a settlement. So, having examined what the Celts would require from a settlement, the task is to investigate the properties of Hambledon Hill and it’s ability to provide the required site for a settlement. Initially, the most obvious aspect of Hambledon Hill is evident in its name; ‘Hill’. This would have been an important reason why the Celts chose to inhabit the vicinity, due to the obvious defensive advantages of high ground. Defence was definitely an important advantage, as during the Neolithic period, the Roman Armies were rampaging across Europe and Northern Africa, so the Celts needed to be able to defend themselves. In addition to this threat, the Durotriges may have required defence from other parts of the Celtic society, such as the Belgae from the east, and Dumnonii from the west. The Celts significantly added to the defences, building huge ramparts and ditches Another important aspect in discovering why the Durotriges settled on Hambledon Hill is found in the ground. The hill and surrounding countryside are covered in green grass, showing an abundance of fertile and well irrigated soil, and the land around the fort is also very flat. This meant that the Celts would be able to provide for most their dietary needs near the fort; there was no need to transport food over large distances, and it was not essential to trade for food with other tribes, so a blockage of food supply roots was unlikely to be instantly devastating to the population of the fort. Another advantage is that the soil was relatively easy to dig. As the above image shows, the Celts constructed ramparts around the summit of the fort, to aid the defence. If the hill was made of another material, it would probably not have been possible to dig the comprehensive rampart system. In the present age, the fort is a surrounded by a small amount of woodland. When the Celts settled, the hill was surrounded by woodland, and this would have been another important factor in choosing the site for a settlement. The woodland meant many things to the people; it gave them wood for building their homes and fuelling fires, it would have given then somewhere to hunt, and there also may have been a spiritual aspect. Much archaeological evidence shows that the Celts believed that some types of trees were special or sacred in some way, especially the oak. Many of the Celtic religious festivals involved the worship of trees, and the word ‘druid’ is believed to have originated from the Celtic from ‘knowledge of the oak’. Although the Neolithic inhabitants of Hambledon Hill are probably the most well known, the hill had been a home to many peoples for generations before. Archaeological evidence shows that people chose to live on the hill during the Palaeolithic and Neolithic eras, probably due to many of same factors that drew in the Iron Age people. The fortifications highlighted in red on the diagram show the Northern section of the fort, which was inhabited by the Neolithic people. The earlier inhabitancy of the hill may have been an influence on the decision to settle there for many reasons. The first of these is that the Neolithics had already had a settlement on the hill, so the basic infrastructure previously existed – pathways, houses and ramparts were all in existence, so less work was required on Hambledon than if a new site had been chosen. There may have been another element in the decision to settle; the people may have wanted to live where their ancestors did, possibly to live near the remains of their ancestors and probably to share the same holy site. Allowing previously religious sites to fall into disuse and disrepair would probably have been regarded as a form of sacrilege, so the Iron Age Celts may have thought that living near the sites would please their ancestors. A further reason that the Celts would have chosen to settle on Hambledon Hill is it’s close proximity to other forts, such as Hod Hill, and the other settlements shown on the map above. This would be important for defensive and economic reasons. People could be moved from one fort to aid the defence of the other, and if one fort was captured, survivors could escape to the undefeated one. Economically, having so many forts in close proximity to each other meant that trading between them could happen easily. Being close to other forts also helped to prevent inbreeding with the inhabitants of a single fort, resulting in an overall healthier and more resistant population. Another advantage with the geographical location is the proximity to the coast. Although the Hill could not be described as ‘coastal’ it is within travelling distance of the coast, so goods could be brought in from overseas. To conclude, as with any decision to settle, the choice of Hambledon Hill was affected by many things. The strong defensive position was essential, and the presence of woodland, water and flat, fertile land was also vital. The previous inhabitancy of the site would have been an indication that it was an advantageous place to reside in, and the proximity to other forts was also very important. Sources School provided source http://www.Roman-Britain.org The Celts by Robin Place Peoples of the past series: Macdonald Invaded Islands by RJ Unstead

Parliament Of Whores essays

Parliament Of Whores essays Parliament of Whores is an entertaining book that aims to explain the American Government. The author P.J. ORourke is a brilliant satirist that attacks all of the most important aspects of our Government. ORourke has an open opinion about American Politics that is controversial and thought provoking. This book offered a wealth of back round information that was very fascinating. There are many things about Congress that made one grasp a greater respect for their profession. Even though they only work 145 days a years there is an incredible amount of information that they have to sort out. In just one short week each congressman has to deal with about 275 items that are on the congressional calendar. They are assisted by their nine staff members. They are given voting cards that give brief overview of what is on each item. One that may have perceived congress as lazy will now see them as underpaid workers of the most powerful nation in the world. In regard to taxes it is interesting to see that ninety-five percent of the population is takers of the taxes. This means that only five percent of Americans pay more in taxes than they receive in benefits from the government programs. But does anyone really pay more? It can also be seen as a protection of your guaranteed natural right s and it is hard to believe that there can be a price given to those. From taxes to drugs it is odd to me that most employees are tested for drugs and yet our government officials are not even subject to this same standard. This is extremely intriguing since almost all of public officials consider a drug-free America such a significant concept. Now we turn to how much money is wasted by our federal government. A vast source of wasted money in our federal are in programs that are outdated and no longer have relevance in our society today, one of these programs is the Federal Wool and Mohair program. 1.1 billion dollars was wasted on a plan to throw...

Simple Guide How to Apply for Financial Aid

Simple Guide How to Apply for Financial Aid SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You’ve taken the SAT or ACT (or both). You’ve researched a list of safety, target, and reach schools. You’ve written what seems like 100 college essays, and nailed down several letters of recommendation. You think you finally have a minute to take a breather, and then you remember: you have to figure out how to pay for all of this! Most students know that financial aid is an option, but the whole financial aid application process can be confusing. What counts as financial aid? Where do you get it? What’s the typical application process like? How much can you get? It’s enough to make your head spin, especially if you don’t have much guidance on the subject. In this post, I’ll answer all those questions (and more) to start you off on the right foot. Heading off to college should be an exciting new adventure, not a stressful financial burden- this guide will help you get all the financial aid you need to make this upcoming college transition a pleasant one. Before we jump into that, though, I'll talk more generally about college expenses and overarching financial aid strategy. Paying for College: The Basics So you're about ready to head to college- or at least, you're thinking about whether you can afford it. How does the cost of your education and the financial aid application process factor into your experiences at school and beyond? College Costs Every year that you attend school- whether you're getting a BA, a Master's, or a professional degree- costs a certain amount of money. The biggest expenses associated with attending college include tuition, room, and board. If you don't cover your tuition costs, you won't be able to register for classes or actually attend school. If you can't afford living expenses associated with attending school (room, board, other personal expenses), you can't actually be present on campus to attend classes. Ultimately, all of these costs need to be covered every year or you won't be able to attend college. To learn more about how much money it takes to get an education, read our guide on the explicit and hidden costs of college. Where Does Financial Aid Come In? For many students, there will be a difference between what college actually costs and what they can afford to pay. For every year that you anticipate this deficit, you apply for financial aid for your school to cover as much of this cost as you can. In general, this process includes submitting a federal financial aid application. Your school receives the information from this application and puts together a financial aid package, which could include federal aid and/or school-based aid. Your grants and loans (if you choose to accept them) will be laid out for you in this financial aid offer. You're then able to make a decision about whether the remaining difference in cost, after taking aid into account, is something that you can afford to pay. If you choose to accept an offer from a particular school, and there is a difference between the aid offered and total college costs, it is your responsibility to pay the remaining amount. You may not have to pay it all up front- some schools offer payment plans throughout the semester- but if you do not make timely payments, you will not be allowed to register for classes, and you won't receive any college credits. Some students use family savings, private loans, student jobs, or a combination thereof to cover these costs. Worrying about paying for college can be an enormous burden- often, students don't feel prepared or informed enough to make such big financial decisions. If you're in this boat, rest assured that with some good intel and a little experience you'll be able to navigate financial aid as well as anyone else. When I entered college as a freshman, I felt pretty lost when it came to understanding financial aid- I was unfamiliar with a lot of the language, and I wasn't sure where to get good objective advice. I came out on the other side, and I'm happy to say it's not as scary as it first seems. So let's get started! What Is Financial Aid? The term "financial aid" is thrown around as a monolithic term that seems to cover anything that helps pay for college. There are different types of financial aid, though, and they're not all created equal- they come from different sources and with different "catches." Types of Financial Aid There are several types of financial aid available- some are better than others. Here, I'll go over all the major types of financial aid, their perks, and their drawbacks. Grants Grants are lovely little monetary awards that you don’t have to pay back. For this reason, they are awesome- if you get a grant, you are literally getting free money. The catch? They’re usually based on your financial need. Free money is generally hard to come by, so eligibility criteria for grants tend to be stricter than for loans. Student loans can be important financial assets, as long as you can support the monthly payments after graduation. Loans A loan is a sum of money that is given to you when you need it (i.e. when you need to make tuition, room, or board payments) which you pay back after graduation. You also pay back an additional percentage of money, known as interest. Loans can be really helpful, but also a burden post-graduation if you take on a lot of student debt. Some loans are better than others: for example, loans that are subsidized or have low-interest rates, subsidized loans are generally preferable because you end up paying less in the long run. To learn more about these types of loans, read our guides to the Perkins and Direct Subsidized loan programs. Scholarships Scholarships, like grants, are sums of money that are awarded to you to help pay for school. They're a bit different from grants and loans in a few important ways, so I won't spend much time addressing them in this post. First, they'renot reliable. Most scholarships are very competitive, which means that students shouldn’t expect to be able to pay for the bulk of college expenses with scholarship awards. Second, they havewidely varying eligibility criteria, award amounts, and application processes- grants and loans are much more standardized in these respects. In sum, scholarships areawesome bonuses if you get them, but the meat and potatoes of financial aidaregrants and loans. Financial Aid Sources Financial aid can come from a variety of sources. Your funding source can affect your type of aid, your award amount, your eligibility criteria, and the application process. Here, I'll address the three main sources of student aid: federal, institutional, and private. I'll also briefly address some loan basics, like what to expect in terms of student loan payments and affordability. Federal Federal student aid is financial aid that is sponsored or subsidized by the US federal government. It's widely available and pretty easy to apply for- there's one application for all federal aid programs called, aptly, the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). The FAFSA is also useful for more than just federal aid- I'll explain why later on in the post. Some federal aid programs include the Pell Grant, Perkins loan, Stafford loan, and Direct Subsidized and Unsubsidized loans. Eligibility criteria for most federal aid programs tend to be very clear- if you meet the criteria, you should get the aid award. Interest rates on federal loans are also very competitive and tend to be lower than those on private loans (lower interest rates = less money you shell out in the long run). Institutional Colleges will sometimes have their own financial aid programs. Some schools even claim to meet all financial need- basically, everything that your family can’t afford to pay. Generally, the better a school’s endowment, the better its financial aid program. Much of the institutional aid that's awarded is in the form of grants, which are primarily need-based. Some merit-based scholarships are given out by some institutions to entice particularly competitive students. Usually, schools don't serve as loan lenders (with a notable exception being in the case of the Perkins loan program). Schools use information generated from your FAFSA to determine what (if any) financial aid you'll get from the institution, in addition to the federal aid you're eligible for. Schools may also use an application called the CSS/Financial Aid PROFILE to award nonfederal financial aid. I'll talk more about the PROFILE in the section on the federal aid application process. Private When people discuss private aid sources, they're usually referring to banks that are funding private loans. This is the third level of financial aid: if grants and low-interest federal loans don’t cover enough of your expenses, you can get a private loan to make up the difference. Theterms on these loans usually aren’t as good as those on federal loans, but you can get decent interest rates if you (or the person who's signing on the loan) have good credit. Loans: How Much Should You Take Out? Student loan debt is a big concern for current college students and recent graduates alike. To avoid taking on debt that you can't afford to pay back, you mustconsider loan amounts, interest rates, and repayment plans to determine what you can handle. What amount of debt is worth the education you'll be receiving? To answer this question as effectively and as accurately as possible, consider the following: taking your future career plans and future income into account, what do you anticipate being able to afford in terms of monthly loan payments? Be as realistic as possible. Now, monthly loan payment amounts will vary based on things like interest rates and whether the loan is subsidized or unsubsidized. What you can actually afford to pay will also depend on factors like your income, cost of living, and how much you want to save and spend. Even though all of these factors are (probably) currently unknowable, this chart lays out some general rules about loan payments and affordability: Total Student Loan Debt Monthly Payment Minimum Annual Income Needed to Afford Monthly Payment $5,000 $61 $7,320 - $9,150 $10,000 $122 $14,640 - $18,300 $15,000 $184 $22,080 - $27,600 $20,000 $245 $29,400 - $36,750 $25,000 $306 $36,720 - $45,900 $50,000 $612 $73,440 - $91,800 $100,000 $1,222 $146,660 - $183,300 The general rule of thumb is that you should aim for 10% of your income to be spent on student loans. You can certainly live frugally and pay your loans with 30% of your income, but just remember about 30% of your income goes to taxes, another 30% will go to rent, and you'll need to budget for living expenses too. The Financial Aid Application Process The process is so much more manageable if we break it down step by step. So you have a good idea of the financial aid basics- you know all about the types of financial aid and their various sources. The next step? Actually learning how to apply for financial aid! The process and timeline will be a bit different for everyone, but here I’ll focus on the process for (1) first-time college freshmen who are (2) proactive about applying for financial aid. It’s generally better to apply earlier rather than later for financial aid programs (so, don’t wait until application deadlines if you can help it) because some programs run out of funds. One notable example of a program with limited funds is the Perkins loanprogram. You generally don’t have to worry about the financial aid application process until the bulk of your college application work is done. Here, I’ll outline a comprehensive financial aid process in chronological order of applications you should complete- the CSS/Financial Aid Profile is listed first because you might have to complete it while working on some college apps (unfortunately). Step 1: The CSS/Financial Aid PROFILE The CSS/Financial Aid PROFILE is an application for nonfederal financial aid used by almost 400 different colleges and scholarship programs. Even if you don’t think you’ll apply to one of these colleges or programs, it may be wise to fill it out, so you don’t preemptively limit your funding options. Check out the list of participating programs before deciding not to complete it- you might find a program or school you're interested in! If you’re applying to any of the participating schools (or scholarships), they’ll have their own deadlines for submitting the PROFILE. It’s very important that you meet this deadline if you want to be considered eligible for institutional financial aid. Some schools may ask for it around the time college apps are due. Submitting the PROFILE If you plan on completing the PROFILE,you’ll need to enter detailed student and parent financial information. Gather the following paperwork for both you and your parents to expedite the application process: Current and previous years' tax returns W-2 forms and other records of current year income Records of untaxed income and benefits for current and previous tax years Current bank statements Records of savings, stocks, bonds, trusts, etc. There are fees associated with this application- one fee to actually submit it (which includes a single school report), and a $25 fee to generate reports for additional schools. There are fee waivers available for low-income students. To learn more about the CSS/Financial Aid PROFILE, check out this comprehensive guide or interactive presentation. Step 2: The FAFSA The FAFSA: Perhaps the most important part of the financial aid process. The FAFSA is the Free Application for Federal Student Aid. Like I mentioned earlier, this one application will open up a lot of potential aid opportunities. The FAFSA opens up October 1 each year for the next academic year (for example, if you’re startingcollege in the fall of 2020, you can submit your FAFSA on October 1, 2019, at the earliest). A few days after you submit your application, you’ll get what’s called a SAR (student aid report) outlining different types of federal aid that you’re eligible for. If you’re interested in the Perkins loan, you’d have to be offered the loan directly through your school. Many schools use the information generated from the FASFA to award their own aid, especially if they don’t use the CSS/Financial Aid PROFILE. So when should you actually submit your FAFSA? Even though the deadline is pretty late (e.g. deadline for 2019-2020 academic year is June 30, 2020) apply as close to October 1 as possible. Some programs are first-come, first-serve, so if you apply early, you won’t end up losing out on any potential funding opportunities. Submitting the FAFSA To complete the application, you’ll need detailed financial information for both yourself and your parents, including: W-2 forms Tax returns Records of untaxed income and benefits The application itself should take 2-3 hours, and can be submitted online. It should take about threedays to get your "results"- the student aid report outlining your federal aid eligibility. You can even estimate your eligibility before you apply using the FAFSA4caster. For detailed information on how to submit a FAFSA, check out our Pell Grant guide. Step 3: The Financial Aid Award Letter After you’ve been admitted to a college, the school will put together a financial aid award letter- if you noted that you want financial aid, that is. You will not have to accept or reject any offer of admission until you’ve been able to go over a school’s financial aid package. You can use the award amounts to calculate your net cost, or what you have to pay out of pocket to attend that school. If there are loans offered on your financial aid letter, you don’t have to accept any that you’re not comfortable with. You tell your financial aid office what awards you want to take (pro tip: take all the grants and scholarships) and what awards you don’t. Calculating Your Net Cost Figure out the school’s CoA (Cost of Attendance). This figure includes tuition, fees, books, transportation, room, and board. If it's not listed on the financial aid letter, turn to Google or the financial aid office. Learn more about expenses in our guide on what college really costs. Subtract any grants and scholarships listed on the financial aid package from your CoA. This is free money that your school and/or government is awarding you. The figure you have right now is your out-of-pocket cost. If this isn't affordable, this isn't necessarily what you have to payright now to attend this school. Subtract any federal loans offered from the out-of-pocket cost. These loans tend to have low-interest rates and good repayment terms. Subtract any work-study award amounts. Many students have jobs during the school year to help cover some college expenses. Work study helps facilitate the job search. The remaining amount is what you have to pay to attend school for one year. If this amount is still not manageable, and you're comfortable with the idea of taking out more loans, you can consider private loans to cover some of the balance. How Much Aid Can You Get? Let's figure out how much aid you can get your hands on. This is the real question, right? If you're going to go through all the trouble of applying for financial aid, you want the results to be worth it in the end. The amount of aid you can get depends on two main factors: #1: Your financial need, and#2: Where you go to school Students with very low family incomes who attend schools with good financial aid programs can get all of their financial need covered- with all grants, no loans. Harvard, for example, expects no family contributions from families who make less than 60k a year, although they still expect students to contribute a small amount via a student job. There are other schools that claim to meet all students’ unmet need. If you have high financial need but choose a school with a less generous financial aid program, you might be expected to pay a lot out of pocket. State schools, in particular, tend to have much higher sticker prices for out-of-state residents, so even if you get the maximum amount of federal Pell grant money ($5,500) you could be on the hook for a very large sum of money. If you don’t have much financial need, you can still get financial aid through schools with good programs. Harvard, again as an example, gives some sort of financial aid to about 70% of its students. You might not be eligible for many grants, but you could potentially be eligible for low-interest government loans, like the Direct Subsidized, Unsubsidized, and PLUS programs- they have less strict eligibility criteria. What If You Don't Receive Enough Financial Aid? Sometimes, even though students do everything right, they still end up stuck with a price that they or their families just can’t afford. Here are some steps you can take to close the gap between what you can afford and what you owe. Check in With the Financial Aid Office See if they can work with you on your financial aid package. Don’t treat it like a bidding war- for example, going to a school with another college’s financial aid package and demanding they match it won’t generally fly. Tell them that you’re grateful for the package, but as is, your family can’t afford it. Take this opportunity toexplain any extenuating circumstances or hardships that make paying for college difficult. Bring concrete numbers and calculations to back up your claims, and be prepared to discuss what you can afford. Apply to Scholarships Ideally, you’d start looking at scholarship programs early on in your junior year. Apply to scholarships as a Hail Mary or backup plan- don’t count on any scholarship earnings before you’ve actually earned them. With that being said, scholarships (even small ones) can help make college more affordable. Ronald McDonald, Gates Scholars, and Hispanic Scholarship Fund awards are good places to start. Consider Schools with Better Aid Packages Sometimes, the heavy burden of student loans isn’t worth attending one particular school, even if it’s your dream school. Do a cost-benefit analysis to objectively think about whether one school will be worth the extra dollars up front and/or in loans in the long run, versus another school that’s more affordable. What's Next? If you want to increase your chances of getting more financial aid, you can start with steps that will also help with your college applications. Getting your SAT scores up or investing time in community service hours will make you a more attractive college applicant, but it will also make you eligible for more scholarships. In order to prepare for scholarship applications, read our guides to the National Merit Scholarship, Walmart Scholarship, and Coca-Cola Scholarships. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Community interpreting level 3 course assignment Essay

Community interpreting level 3 course assignment - Essay Example The linguistic model interpreter must be fluent while the community interpreter is not always fluent. A linguistic model is basically used in conferences and multilingual meetings. One of the reasons for declining any given assignments includes existence of a conflict in the interpreter’s schedule. The interpreter might not be available or may be committed to other activities. This may result to a conflict thus the interpreter is forced to compromise. Another logical reason for declining an assignment is the topic failing to be in the interpreter’s region of expertise. The interpreter may also lack enough material of preparation thus leading to the decline of the assignment. Furthermore, there might be a conflict of interest by the interpreter especially is they are related to the client and finally the interpreter may fail to agree with the conditions and terms of the assignment (Naom, 2006). Issues like payment, the working conditions and working hours are very prevalent. Before accepting any interpreting session the translator should have the details of the client such as their dialect so as to know what to prepare for the assignment. The translator should have the deadline for the work so as to know the speed to utilize. They also need to have details of a pre-interview so as to prepare themselves adequately. When preparing for an interpreting assignment the interpreter should call the client so as to make sure they are aware of the interpreting appointment (Kalina, 2005). The assignment should be within the field of expertise of the translator and there should be no conflict of interest. When preparing for the research the translator should research so as to familiarize themselves with the assignment. A pre-interview should be carried out so as to allow the client to give factual cultural information that will help the research. The impartiality trait of a translator may be compromised when faced with issues like trauma and sexual violence. The

Construction Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Construction Technology - Essay Example The condensation’s risk is low with the roofs that do not have ventilations. If there exist any water pipes that go through the gap, then there might be a chance that they will freeze over. This is a problem that can be dealt with by insulating the pipes. Aside from the prevention of the ice dams, we find that the cold roofing is the best for the maintenance of the ceiling insulation of the building in a good condition. If the attic space is ventilated in a proper manner and the moisture inside is eliminated, a cold roof will greatly decrease the winter humidity that is within the building. If the weather becomes warm, we find that a cold roof will be important in making the building remain cool. With a cold roof, the temperature of the roof remains the same as that of the outside air. The cold roof helps in the prevention of the formation of the ice dams. These ice dams can always be a constant problem with the warm roofs. The formation of the ice dams is as a result of the m elting of the snow on the roof and consequent freezing on the overhang (Lstiburek, and Carmody, 2004). ... There is horizontal placing of insulation between the floor’s ceiling below and the attic joists. Any breaks or even spaces in the ceiling are sealed completely for the purposes of keeping the moist air out from the building. Then there is also the fitting of the roof rafters with an underlay of bitumen roof that air and moisture cannot get through. Ventilation is put in the gap between the insulation and the pitched rafters. The warm air that is inside moves up and escapes via the ventilations and the gag inside is filled up with the cold air outside. As a result, then temperature that is between the inside and the outside becomes equal, and there is some danger of condensation in these kinds of cold roofs. Interstitial is a major problem that occurs in the cold deck roofs in which the insulation is put between the joists that are found in the space above the ceiling. The insulation’s position implies that the roof deck together with a bigger part of its structure do n ot have adequate protection from the low temperatures that occur during the periods of winter (Lstiburek, and Carmody, 2004). These features than become quite older as compared to the building’s interior, and the air that has penetrated into the room below then condenses on the structure of the timber probable resulting to decay. When doing new work, the cold deck roofs are not the best and have in fact been banned in some countries such as Scotland. Q e. Suitable floor construction Simple spread footings The initial 900 to 1,200 clay layer can easily be moved as a result of shrinkage and expansion, and this depends on the amount of moisture available. Therefore, it is generally essential for the foundations to be